[M5] GOLDFISH MEMORY

pH 3.8 - 6.9

pH of Type A gelatin

pH 5.0 - 7.4

pH of Type B gelatin

Type A gelatin

acid hydrolysis; pork skin; ↓ bloom strength

Type B gelatin

base hydrolysis; bovine bones; ↑ bloom strength

IsoE Type A

7-9

IsoE Type B

4.7-5.3

Monolithic TDDS

drug matrix layer; skin controlled absorption

Membrane-controlled TDDS

drug reservoir; rate controlling membrane; transderm scopolamine

Monolithic examples

Deponit; Daytrana; Climara; Testoderm

Membrane controlled example

Catapres; Nicoderm; Duragesic; Androderm

Salty flavorant

Cinnamon, Cherry, Orange, Butterscotch

Bitter flavorant

Mint, Raspberry, Chocolate, Cherry

Sour flavorant

Fruity

Oily flavorant

Lemon, Orange, Mint

Sweet flavorant

Vanilla, Fruity

Surface Tension Theory

↓ interfacial tension (spherical)

Viscosity theory

not generally accepted

Oriented Wedge Theory

monomolecular layer

Plastic theory/Interfacial

thin layer of film

Na+

45 mEq

Cl-

35 mEq

Citrate

30 mEq

Ca2+

5-10 mEq

Mg2+

8-16 mEq

PO43-

40-60 mEq

K+ (TPN)

80-120 mEq

Na+(TPN)

100-120 mEq

Cl- (TPN)

100-120 mEq

Nanoparticles

oily/aqueous core surrounded by a thin polymer membrane

Nanoparticle example

liposome

Nanocrystals

inorganic nanostructures (<100 nm)

Nanocrystals example gold

Micelles

monolayer of amphiphilic

Micelles example

surfactant

Microparticles

small, loaded microspheres

Microemulsions

thermodynamically stable

Stearates

lubricant, anti-adherent, glidant

Purified tale

lubricant, anti-adherent

Colloidal tale

glidant

Colloidal SiO2

glidant

Silicates

glidant

PEG & SLS

hydrophilic lubricants

Pin method

Dip, Spin, Dry, Strip, Trim, Join, Polish

Blistering

reduced adhesion/detachment of film → blister (+); cause: entrapment of gases

Blooming

Fading/dulling of color; cause: due to plasticizer

Blushing

whitish specks; cause: precipitation of polymer

Bridging

pulling away

Cratering

volcanic-like craters; cause: inefficient drying

Delayed dissolution of IR tablets

exposure of tablet cores

Erosion

removal of coating; cause: friction

Film cracking (Type I)

thermal expansion; cause: overdrying

Film cracking (Type 2)

core swelling; cause: overmoisture

Logo-infilling

accumulation of material on th logo

Mottling

uneven color distribution

Orange Peel

rough, non-glossy film; cause: inadequate spreading of the film

Pitting

deformation

Sweating

oily films; cause: moisture, humid conditions

Twinning

2 tablets stick together; cause: inappropriate tablet shape or tacky coating formulation

Antifoaming HLB

1-3

W/O HLB

3-6

Wetting agent HLB

7-9

O/W HLB

8-18

Detergent HLB

13-16

Solubilizer HLB

15-20

Type I

high resistance to leaching except HF (parenterals)

Type II

NaO + CaO + SO2 (acidic parenteral preparation)

SO2 in type II

added to neutralize interior surface of the container

Type III

NaO + CaO (dry powders; oily solutions)

Type IV/NP

not for parenterals

Water attack test

type II

Powdered glass test

type I and III

Glass grains test

type I from II and III

Surface glass test

type I and II from III

Surface etching

type I vs type II

PE Terephthalate (PET)

1: for beverages or mineral bottle

High density PE (HDP)

2: thermoset; solid dosage forms (rigidity)

Low-density PE (LDPE)

4: droppers, squeeze bottles (flexibility) aka thermoplastic

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

3: infusion set, blister packs ; least resistant to permeation (not for gamma sterilization)

Polypropylene (PP)

5: heat resistant; caps; autoclavable

Dipole-dipole P+P; keesom; orientation effect; 1-7 kcal/mol

Dipole-induced dipole

P+NP; debye; polarization/induction; 1-3 kcal/mol

Induced dipole-induced dipole

NP + NP; London; 0.5-1 kcal/mol

Mesogen

Rigid; Organic molecule; Possess strong dipole & easily polarizable group; Elongated and rectilinear

One-component system

F=C-P+2; non-condensed; y-curve

Two-component system

F=C-P+1; condensed

Three-component system

triangle curve

U/O curve

liquid-liquid

M curve

solid-liquid (eutectic mixtures)

Variables affecting formation of polymorphisms

Enantiotropic

>1 stable form; reversible

Monotropic

only 1 stable form; irreversible; diamond (metastable) → graphite (stable)

Ideal gas law

PV = nRT

Amorphous solids

supercooled liquids

Thermodynamic/vitrification

rapid cooling

Kinetic/amorphization

gradually reducing defects

Light

↓ bulk density,↑ bulk volume

Heavy

↑bulk density,↓ bulk volume

↑ particle size

↑ bulk density, ↓ bulk volume

Non-electrolytes

1.9

Weak electrolytes

2.0