AP HuG Final: Units 1-4

Physical Georgraphy

The study of natural processes and distribution of environmental features (ex. landforms, plants, animals, climates, etc)

Human Geography (Why of where)

Study of events and processes that have shaped how humans understand, use, and alter Earth

Spatial Perspctive

Where something happens; looks at where and why they are located, how they live

Ecological perspective

Relationship between living things and their environment; help understand complex relationships —> important to geographers

Absolute location - absolute direction

Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates - literal measurements and directions (ex. 500 feet north)

Relative location - relative direction

The position of a place in relation to another place - right or left based on where you are

Location

The position that something occupies on Earth's surface

Place

Diff from location, refers to a larger spot relative to its qualities

Site

The absolute location of a place, described by local relief, landforms, and other cultural or physical characteristics (ex. on Lake Michigan)

Situation

Relative location of a place (ex. near Lake Michigan)

Sense of place

Feelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place

Mental map

An internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located

Space

The physical gap or interval between two objects

Distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface

Density

Number of things (animals, people, etc.) in a specific area

Pattern

Manner in which things are arranged in space; depends on what humans need/want--> shows in patterns (organization)

Flow

Movement of goods, people, and info along with the economical , social, and political effects they have

Environmental determinism

The belief that the physical environment exclusively shapes humans, their actions, and their thoughts

Possibilism

The theory that humans have a better ability to make a result over environmental determinism

Sustainability

Use of the Earths material in ways they are maintained for future/continuous use (renewable resources, non-renewable resources, sustainable development)

Distance decay

The farther the distance between two things causes them to interact less with each other than if they were closer (ex. living across an ocean)

Time-space compression

Processes causing relative distance to shrink (ex. planes faster than boats, technology, etc.)

Scale

Area or size in correlation to the study being conducted

Scale of analysis

How zoomed in or out you are when looking at geographic data (ex. national, local, global) at the issue level

Region

An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features that separate it from other parts

Formal/uniform region

An area with shared traits (ex. Chi--> mayor, political, region)

Functional/nodal region

An area organized around a node or focal point (ex. loop being based downtown)

Perceptual/vernacular region

An area based on feelings toward the place (ex. Chicago may be bigger or smaller depending on the person)

Geographic data

Data collected geographically...

Quantitative vs. qualitative data

One has number based data, the other observation and fact based

Census

Population collection done every ten years

GIS

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data

Topography

The arrangement of the natural and artificial physical surface of an area

Geovisualization

Creation and use of visual representations to facilitate thinking, understanding, and knowledge construction about human and physical environment

Remote sensing

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods

GPS

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers (ex. google maps)

Cartographer

Map drawer

Isoline map

Map that uses lines to show similar data points (ex. that one weather one)

Graduated symbol map

Map that uses different sized dots/symbols to represent date (ex. dots on capital cities)

Cartogram map

Map with distorted sizes based on data (ex. a state being misshapen in chi as more live here than skinny suburbs)

Dot map

Map that uses dots to show data (ex. not bigger or smaller just clustered and what not)

Choropleth map

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area

Population distribution

Where people live within an area; depending on cluster ness of a population the environment can change

Globalization

The worldwide growth of economics and stuff that further develops the world

Periphery, semi-periphery, and core

States relativity to economic status and worldwide participation (in a sense)

Population distribution factors

Physical: climate, landforms, bodies of water,

soil; social: culture, economics, history, politics

Arithmetic density

the total number of people per unit area of land; also called crude density

Physiological density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land

Carrying capacity

The largest population that an area can support

Sex ratio

The ratio of males to females in a population

Demographics

Statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it

Crude birth rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people living in a population

Total fertility rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years

Mortality

Death

Crude death rate

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

Infant mortality rate

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country

Life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions

Population pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

The difference between CBR and CDR in a group of people; doesn't always tell the whole story--> only data

Doubling time

Number of years in which a population growing at a rate will double DT=70/RNI

Urbanization

Growth and development of cities; relates to industrialization because the cities develop from industry

Factors that influence population growth and decline

Economic, political, environmental, cultural, changing role of female, voluntary migration, forced migration

DTM

Know the stages

Degenerative disease

Any disease in which deterioration of the structure or function of tissue occurs

Infectious disease

A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another

ETM

Know the stages

Pronatalist policy

Government policy that supports higher birth rates

Antinatalist policy

Government policy that supports lower birth rates

Human trafficking

The illegal trade of human beings, a modern-day form of slavery, for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, or involuntary military combat

Repatriation

A refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a non-governmental organization (not deportation, voluntary)

Interregional migration

Migration outside a region

Intraregional migration

Migration within the same state, not across national borders

Dependency ratio

Ratio used to measure the demand for workers; # of people unable to work (-14 - +64) divided by working age (15+ - -65) times 100

Migration

A general term for movement

Immigration

The act of moving permanently to a new country

Emigration

The act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad

Net migration

The difference in number between emigrants and immigrants in a location

Ravenstein's laws of migration

Gravity model

A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service

Push factor

A negative factor that pushes you to leave (economic, political conditions and conflict, cultural, demographic, environmental)

Pull factor

A positive factor that pulls you in (economic, political conditions and conflict, cultural, demographic, environmental)

Transnational migration

Migration through different countries; lots of people who migrate transnationally "belong" to two countries by heart

International migration

Movement and flow inside a country instead of transnational

Friction of distance

The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

Transhumance

Nomad migration practices of moving at different elevations depending on the time of year and how it benefits living

Chain migration

When new immigrants tell their family or friends about their positive experiences so there begins a chain of people immigrating to the same place

Step migration

When someone wants to migrate but it takes multiple steps to get to the final destination (ex. limits, obstacles, conflicting opportunities, etc.)

Intervening obstacle

An obstacle that hinders or blocks migration often being negative to the steps

Intervening opportunity

An opportunity that makes the migrator feel the need to stay as it could have a positive outcome

Rural to urban migration

Moving from a small nobody town to a big city

Guest workers

A temporary laborer from a different country

Circular migration

The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment

Refugee

Someone forced to leave their home due to threat of death

Asylum

Right to protection in a new country

Internally displaced persons

Forced to flee homes but still stuck inside of the same state

Malthus's theory of population

Theory based on the premise that exponential population growth will outpace the increase in resources and food supply (the end of supply is where the lines cross) - he is incorrect as he did not foresee the development of agricultural possibilities

Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Neo-Malthusian

Concerns about the use of sustainability on the planet; claim that Earth can only support a finite population even with the developments made today

Xenophobia

A fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers