change to churches under HVIII

Changes to doctrine

no consistent pattern of doctrinal change, reflected King's inability to make up his mind about such matters

Act of Ten Articles

1536
only 3 sacraments - baptism, penance and eucharist
shows both lutheran and catholic influence

1537 Bishops' book

restored 4 sacraments but with low status
more conservative

Act of Six Articles

1539
reasserted catholic doctrine
denial of transubstantiation was heretical

Change in religon

jurisdiction of the Pope destroyed
King had more authority than Pope
monatries dissolved
English bibles
undermined traditional church

Continuity in religon

hierarchy of church intact, little attempt to alter interiors, services remained largely traditional and still in latin, music still important

What weakened reform?

6 articles and fall of Cromwell in 1540

1536 Injunctions

1st set-
encouraged moral conduct, restricted holy days and discouraged pilgrimages

1538 injunctions

reform taken further -
pilgrimages and veneration of relics condemned, required each parish Church to have English bible but few could read them

Act of Advancement on True religon

1543
restricted reading of bible to upper class males

Changes to Church structure

King becomes supreme head of the church in 1534
Cromwell appointed Vicegerent in Spirituals, considerable power over the Church
6 new diocese were created to improve Church's administration

Dissolution of the monastries

4 visitors sent to justify it - found much to criticise
1536 - Act to dissolve smaller monastries
By March 1540, all religious houses dissolved

Act of Dissolution of the Monasteries

1536
all houses under £200 dissolved
heads -\> pension
larger M praised to strengthen

why was there a delay in the dissolution of mon?
what event?
example where refounded?

H cautious of dissolving following Pilg of Grace
refounded several mon - eg Bisham

Dissolution of larger mon in

\-
within

months,

houses surrendered
number of

surrenders, though forced on through

exerted by

, eg in

in

\-
This dissolution seen as 'Greatest act of

-.
Crown income

- to £

p.a with resale value of land \= £--M

houses dissolved,

- monks pensioned off

in 1538
16 months, 202 dissolved
voluntary surrenders but forced by pressure from Royal Commissioners
eg in Sussex in 1537
crown income doubled to £250,000 pa with resale value \= £1.3M
563 houses dissolved + 8,000 monks pensioned off

Consequence of dissolution on different groups:
monastic buildings lost...
monks...
nuns....
poor...
profit...

loss of Gothic buildings, books, images, reliquaries, but some money -\> Christ Church + Trinity College
8,000 monks pensioned off + minority left in hardship
2,000 nuns not allowed to marry or priest
poor reliant on charity lost - worsening problem
most profit -\> finance wars in 42 + 46
\> 1/2 lands remained - not fully reckless
by 1547 - £800,000 from sales but money squandered + cultural vandalism

Evidence of a humanist approach to reform in Henrys final years

Edward had a humanist tutor
Humanist circle around Katherine Parr, who had a humanist education

Acts getting rid of Papal power

1532 - Act preventing the payment of annates
1533 - Act in restraint of appeals

The Church was in a good state in 1529

Most accepted Pope's power
religious orders + guilds having high membership
clergy respected
sacraments popularly followed
pilgrimages popular

Weaknesses of the church - in a bad state in 1529
profits?
opposition to what?
what book? significance of author?
monasteries?

\> high corruption: pluralism, simony, non-residence - taking profits
\> ↑ anticlericalism - opposition to political/ social importance of clergy
clerical misconduct - eg Richard Hunne murder
\> Simon Fish's 'Supplication of Beggars' 1529 book - dedicated to H8 ⁛...
\> ↓ monasticism - dissolve -\> fund Cardinal College
larger mon acting more as businesses w land
ease of dissolving show doubt

How many religious houses in Eng + Wales in early 16th cent?
what was importance in community?

825
500 monasteries
provided land, livelihoods, supported poor

when did ALL monasteries close?
what was the impact on those in need?

1540 all closed
those reliant on charity - ↑ vagrancy

what was taken away when monasteries closed?
poor?
employment?
education?
different groups of people?

alms to the poor taken away - ↑ vagrancy
huge employers - agricultural labourers lost out
destruction to monastic culture
nunneries that were different outlet for women + education lost

Why pursue dissolution of monasteries? (brief)

increase Crown's rev - church lands
avoid imposition of further tax so preserve position on throne
build fortifications ag threat of crusades
image of corruption -\> encourage dissolution
end criticisms from religious houses on break w Rome
continental influence - Ger + Fish

When was Valor Ecclesiasticus?
what? why?

September 1535 - consensus assessing wealth
'visitations' to observe spiritual health but to gauge wealth
cast in worst light
justified movement towards prot

Act of Supremacy

1534 - king in control, jurisdiction of Pope destroyed

H appoint Crom as Vicegerent in spirituals

1534 -
crom outranking archbishops → great P