APUSH Unit 3 LEQ review (McGregor)

Seven Years' War aka

The French and Indian War

Albany Plan of Union

proposal by Ben Franklin to unite the colonies under one system for taxation, troops, and war efforts, ultimately failed bc colonial desire for individual taxing power

outcome of Treaty of Paris (the 1st one)

Britain won, gained territories, established supremacy in North America.

British view of American colonies after the Seven Years' War

low opinion- viewed them as unorganized + unwilling to support war efforts

colonial view of British troops after the Seven Years' War

felt proud and confident in ability to defend themselves, unimpressed with British military tactics

marked the end of Salutary Neglect

Britain began enforcing the Navigation Acts + asserting more control over the colonies after the war.

Proclamation of 1763

prohibited colonial expansion westward past the Appalachians, wanted to stabilize relations with Native Americans, colonists did not like

main colonial grievance regarding British taxes

infringed on their liberties

Sugar Act of 1764

tax on sugar that included stricter enforcement against smuggling

Quartering Act of 1765

Colonists required to house and feed British troops

significance of Stamp Act

first direct tax on colonists -> infuriated colonists

Stamp Act Congress

meeting of 9 colonies in NYC, issued Declaration of Rights and Grievances

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

group that protested against the Stamp Act, often using violent methods.

Declaratory Act (1766)

act stating that Parliament could tax and make laws for the colonies 'in all cases whatsoever,' angering colonists, tied into idea of Virtual Representation

Townshend Acts (1767)

series of taxes on various goods, including tea, glass, and paper -> increased tensions

Boston Massacre (1770)

confrontation between British troops and colonists, some colonists died. labeled 'massacre' for propaganda -> escalated tensions even more

Boston Tea Party (1773)

protest where colonists dumped British tea into the harbor

Coercive Acts (1774), aka Intolerable Acts

punitive measures in response to the Boston Tea Party- closed Boston Harbor, Boston under martial law, extended Quartering Act

Enlightenment ideas influence American leaders?

Ideas from thinkers like John Locke focused on individual rights and rational governance, shaped the Constitution.

Responses to Stamp Act

- Stamp Act Congress

- Sons of Liberty promoted boycotts/intimidated GB's officials

- phrase "no taxation without representation"

Repealment of Stamp Act

Protests pressured British Parliament to repeal Stamp Act in 1766 -> showed protests could work

Committees of Correspondence (1772 and after)

committees set up across the colonies to share news about British actions and colonial protests through the exchange of letters, pamphlets, etc.

Stamp Act (1765)

law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

First Continental Congress (1774)

Convention of delegates from colonies, called to discuss response to the Intolerable Acts, drew up list of colonial rights, defended colonies' rights to run own affair

Second Continental Congress (1775)

convention of delegates from 13 Colonies, managed the colonial war effort, named George Washington as commander, adopted Declaration of Independence

Common Sense (1776)

Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging colonies to declare independence + establish republican gov -> helped convince colonists to support the Revolution.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

fundamental document establishing the US as an independent nation, offered reasons for the separation

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Rev - made France join the war

Treaty of Paris (1783)

ended the Revolutionary War, recognized independence of the American colonies, Americans would pay debt to British merchants & Tories for land confiscation

Articles of Confederation

weak constitution that first governed America during the Revolutionary War, only one branch

Northwest Ordnance of 1787

defined the steps for the creation and admission of new states, forbade slavery while the region remained a territory

Shay's Rebellion (1786-1787)

Daniel Shay + other farmers protested high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money in MA, Federal gov couldn't enforce anything -> showed how Articles of Confederation were weak

Constitutional Convention (1787)

A meeting in Philly, produced new constitution, all states went except RI bc they were afraid of the power larger states might have

The Great Compromise

made by Constitutional Convention, states have equal representation in one house and representation based on population in other house

3/5 Compromise

decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person when counting for representatives

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution

Anti-Federalists

people who opposed the Constitution

Bill of Rights

Legacy of Anti-Federalists, addition to protect individual rights from tyranny, first 10 amendments

Democratic Republicans

Anti-Federalists after Constitution passed

The Federalist Papers

Written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the Constitution

Federalism

a form of government in which power is divided between the federal and state govs

Judiciary Act of 1789

law passed by the first Congress, established federal court system

Hamilton's Financial Program

1. Pay off nat debt at face value

2. Protect nation's developing industry w/ tariffs

3. Create national bank to stabilize currency & economy

"necessary and proper clause"

Clause of the Constitution setting forth the implied powers of Congress, Strict (TJ) vs Loose (AH) interpretations

Whiskey Tax (1791)

tax on whiskey passed by Congress

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

farmers in Penn protested against Whiskey Tax, GW put them down w militia + almost no bloodshed, showed how much more powerful the Constitution was than AOC

Pinckney's Treaty (1795)

Got a new territory in Mississippi from Spain, Americans gained right to store goods in New Orleans

Jay's Treaty (1794)

Originally abt impressment, Britain agreed to get rid of posts on Western frontier, mentioned nothing about impressment so unpopular

Washington's Farewell Address, 1796

warned against permanent foreign alliances + political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

under JA, allowed for deportation of immigrants considered "dangerous" and prohibited news of criticizing president

KY & VA Resolutions

Virginia & Kentucky nullified the Alien & Sedition Acts bc it was unconstitutional