Bio Test

Science

Improve our understanding of the natural world

Discovery Science

Observing + Describing

Hypothesis Driven Science

* Scientific Method
* Testable Ideas

Observation

Quantitative, Qualitative

Hypothesis

Proposed explanation that has the be testable

Prediction

* Think what will happen
* Not always testable

Independent Variable

variable that is changed

Dependent Variable

variable affected by Independent variable; measured

Controlled Variable

variables that stay the same

Taxonomy

Process of naming and grouping organisms based on similarities

Systematics

* Deals with evolutionary relationships between organism
* Determine recent ancestry with others and amount of evolutionary change

Phylogenetics

looks at how organisms are related

Clade

a group of organisms that share a common feature

Monophyletic

organisms with a common ancestor

Bacteria

* (prokaryotes)
* no nucleus, no membrane bases organelles

Archaens

* (prokaryotes)
* single celled organisms

Eukaryotes

* protists
* plants
* fungi
* animals
* nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Invertebrates

no backbone

Vertebrates

backbone

Chordates

all mammals and some invertebrates; have a dorsal nerve cord

Fish

aquatic, gills, fins

Amphibeans

usually moist; gas exchange occurs on skin

sauropsids

reptiles + birds

mammals

produce milk, live birthM

Monotreme

egg laying mammal

Organization of Life

1. atoms
2. molecules
3. cells
4. tissues
5. organs
6. organ systems
7. organisms/species
8. population-community
9. ecosystem
10. biome
11. biosphere

Things that Living Things do

* reproduce
* use matter & energy
* grow and develop
* respond to stimuli/adapt
* contain DNA
* Change over time
* Maintain homeostasis
* regulated internal purpose

5 Themes of Biology

* Ecology
* Interdependence in Nature
* Evolution
* Genetics
* Structure Determines Function

Abiotic

non-living

Biotic

living

Ecology

study of interactions of organisms with each other & environment

Biosphere

all air, land, and sea where living things are found

Species

organisms that are similar & can produce viable offspring

population

group of species in same area

community

populations of different species that interact in an area

ecosystem

interaction of biotic & abiotic factors in a physical environment

Biome

a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and organisms

Biotic Components

autotrophs, heterotrophs

carnivores

meat eating

herbivores

plant eating

omnivores

meat and plant eating

detritivores

feed on dead organic matter

decomposers

breakdown organic matter

scavengers

eat dead organisms

Interdependence in Nature

Food chain, food webs

Food Chain

stop by stop sequence that shows who feeds on who

Food Web

interconnected feeding relationship of ecosystem. 90% of energy is lost

Evolution

change over time

Natural Selection

* Drives evolution
* individuals best suited survive and reproduce

For Natural Selection to occur

* variation
* inheritance
* differences in survival

DNA

universal genetic code

atom

the smallest unit of matter

molecule

one or more atoms

element

a substance that can’t be broken down to another substance

compound

2 or more elements in a combined ratio

mixture

a physical mixture that can be seperated

solutions

chemically and physically combined

suspended

physically mixed but seperate

Protons

positive charge

Neutrons

no charge

Electron

negative charge

Elements

* Atomic # = to # of protons
* # Protons = # Neutrons unless noted

Isotopes

elements that have different # of neutrons

Anion (-)

negatively charged ion

Cation (+)

positively charged ion

Radioactivity

* trace molecules
* radioactive dating of fossils
* medical treatment

Ionic Bonds

* transfer electrons
* metal & non-metal

Covalent Bonds

* Share electrons
* 2 non-metals
* single bond
* double bond
* triple bond

Polar

* unequal sharing of e-
* one atom is more electronegative

Intramolecular

forces within molecules

Intermolecular

forces between different molecules

H-bonds

* intermolecular forces
* relatively weak
* easily formed and broken

Properties of Water

* Cohesive, Adhesive, & Surface Tension
* Specific Heat Capacity
* High Heat of Vaporization
* Universal Solvent
* Density of Water

Cohesive

attraction of like molecules

Adhesive

attraction of unlike molecules

surface tension

how hard it is to break or stretch a surface of a liquid

Specific Heat Capacity

* amount of energy needed to raise 1g of water by 1 degree celsius
* H-bonds allow H2O to have high heat capacity

High Heat of Vaporization

* liquid to gas change
* how much energy is needed to change 1g of H2O to gas
* H-bonds have to be broken before a state of change

Universal Solvent

great dissolving ability

solute: substance that gets dissolved

Hydrophobic

substances that cannot be dissolved in water

Hydrophillic

substances that can be dissolved in water

Density of Water

* ice is less dense than water
* mass per volume
* >4 degrees celsius water acts like any other liquid
*

Acids

react with metals

Below 7 on ph

donates h ions

Bases

>7 on ph

dont react with metals

Substances produce hydroxide (OH-) when dissolved in H2O

Isomer

compounds with same chemical formula but different structure

Hydrocarbon

* structure with only C & H
* rarely found in living things

Functional Groups

* affect a molecule’s function because they are reactive
* polar + hydrophillic
* Hydroxl: OH
* Carbonyl: C=O
* Carboxyl: COOH
* Amino: NH2
* Phosphate: OPO3

4 biological molecules

* lipids
* proteins
* nucleic acids
* carbohydrates

monomers

small repeating units; building blocks

polymers

large molecules consisting of identical building blocks

Dehydration

forming bonds/polymerrs

monomer + monomer → polymer + H2O

Hydrolysis

breaks bonds/monomers

polymer + H2O → monomer + monomer

monosaccharides

the monomer of carbs

nucleotides

the monomer of nucleic acids

amino acids

the monomer of proteins

Carbohydrates

* energy storage
* short term energy
* Structure

Disaccharides

* 2 monosaccharides
* formed through dehydration

Surcrose

glucose + fructose

maltose

glucose + glucose

lactose

glucose + galactose