UPCAT - Biology

Cells

are the smallest living units of an organism

Cell Membrane

separates the inside the cell from its environment

Cytoplasm

a jelly-like fluid

DNA

the cell’s genetic material

Eukaryotic Cells

It have organelles which include the nucleus and other special parts

Prokaryotic Cells

They don’t have a nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles

Organelles

it means little organ

Nucleus

the control center of the cell

meaning of DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Chromatin

the tangled, spread out form of DNA found inside the nuclear membrane

Chromosomes

When a cell is ready to divide DNA condenses into this structures

Nucleolus

a structure where ribosomes are made

ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)

has ribosomes attached to it

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER)

doesn’t have ribosomes attached to it

Endoplasmic Reticulum

is a membrane enclosed passageway for transporting materials such as the proteins synthesized by ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus (Golgi body)

It receives them proteins and other materials emerge from the endoplasmic reticulum in small vesicles

Vacuoles

are sac-like structures that store different materials

Plant Cell

the central vacuole stores water

Animal Cell

you’ll see an organelle called a lysosome

Lysosomes

are the garbage collectors that take in damaged or worn out cell parts

Mitochondrion

is an organelle that is the powerhouse for both animal and plant cells

Cellular Respiration

during this process, the mitochondria make ATP molecules that provide the energy for all the cells activities

Cytoskeleton

The cell maintains its shape through this

Photoautotrophic

This capture sunlight for energy

Chloroplast

a specialized organelle found in plant and algal cells, where photosynthesis takes place

Chlorophyll

a pigment that gives plants their green color

Flagella

some bacteria have this

Flagellum

is like a little tail that can help a cell move or propel itself

Sperm Cells

the only human cell has a flagellum

All cells have this

membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material

Both plant and animal cells have

Mitochondria

Every person is made up of what billions of cells?

Animal Cells

All living things are made up of what

Cells

Unicellular

has one cell

Multicellular

has multiple cells

Types of Prokaryotes Cells

Archaea, Bacteria

Types of Eukaryotes Cells

Fungi, Animals, Protists, Plants

Cell/Plasma Membrane

It’s selectively permeable which means that it only lets certain select materials in and out

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

Adenosine Triphosphate

a type of nucleic acid, and it is action packed with three phosphates

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

lots of organisms can do this

Mitochondria

can be found in most eukaryotic cells are going to be a kind of a big deal in this Aerobic Cellular Respiration, because some of the process occurs in this

Reactants (inputs) equation

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Products (outputs) equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

C₆H₁₂O₆

Glucose

6O₂

Oxygen

6CO₂

Carbon Dioxide

6H₂O

Water

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O - C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

In photosynthesis, organisms make

Glucose

In Cellular Respiration, organisms break the glucose down to make

ATP

In humans, you have to find a _____ to get glucose

Food

Glycolysis

takes place inside cytoplasm

NADH

a coenzyme, and it has the ability to transfer election, which will be very useful in making even more ATP later on

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

still in the mitochondrial matrix, and to be more specific, it’s involving the inner mitochondrial membrane

ATP Synthase

The protons can travel through this enzyme

meaning of ADP

Adenosine Diphosphate

Adenosine Diphosphate

is a precursor to ATP

Oxygen

the final acceptor of the electrons

When oxygen combines with two hydrogens, it makes

H20 - Water

How many net ATP molecules per glucose molecule

30-38 net

Fermentation (other process to make ATP)

If there’s no oxygen available, some cells have the ability to perform this process

Cyanide

found in some rat poisons
can block a step in the electron transport chain, which would block ATP production

Photosynthesis

Nature of the process that plants use to make their own food

Photosynthesis also produces

Oxygen

Pigments

Light capturing molecules

Chlorophyll

a pigment that plants commonly use to capture light

Light Dependent Reactions

happen in the thylakoids

Thylakoids

little compartments in the chloroplasts that contain pigment

Granum

refers to the individual stacks of thylakoid membranes within a chloroplast

Grana

referring to multiple stacks

Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle or Dark Reaction)

both ATP and NADPH will be needed

Stroma

a fluid outside of the thylakoids

Stomata

tiny pores, primarily found on plant leaves, that regulate gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere

Carbon Dioxide Gas

enters the stomata and will be fixed

Calvin Cycle

The ATP that had come from light dependent reactions will act as an energy currency for this

Fixed Carbon Dioxide + ATP + NADPH =

Glucose, a sugar

meaning of CAM Photosynthesis

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

a photosynthetic pathway primarily found in arid-adapted plants that minimizes water loss by temporally separating CO2 uptake and fixation

Mitosis

a type of cell division done by most of your body cells and it’s really important for your cells to divide

If your cells didn’t divide

you wouldn’t grow

Cancer

uncontrolled cell growth

Interphase

Cells is growing and replicating it’s dna and carrying out its daily cell functions

Nucleus

holds your DNA

What is inside your cells

Organelles

Chromosomes

DNA can be organized into these condensed units

Nuclei

Organizing DNA into condensed chromosomes makes it a lot easier to move over when you’re making new cells

Centromere

part of chromosome where sister chromatids are held together

1 Chromosome duplicates

1 Chromosome

1 Chromatid duplicates

2 Chromatids

Chromatids

strands of replicated chromosome

46 Chromosomes replicate in

46 Chromosomes

46 Chromatids interphase

92 Chromatids

Mitosis Stages of Division

PMAT

Prophase

It’s the beginning step, the nucleus is still there and it’s going to go away later on

Metaphase

the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

The chromosomes move away, they are moving to opposite sides of the cell so they are moving towards the poles of the cells

Spindles

fibers that help move the chromosomes to the ends

Telephase

The chromosomes are actually at the complete opposite ends and new nuclei are forming on each side to make these two new cells