C3.1 Integration of Body Systems

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Define system integration.

C3.1.1 - System integration.

Explain why syste integration is needed to perform the functions of life.

C3.1.1 - System integration.

Define tissue, organ and organ systems.

C3.1.2 - Cells, tissues, organs and body systems as a hierarchy of subsystems that are integrated in a multicellular living organism.

Outline how integration occurs between and among tissues, organs and organ systems.

C3.1.2 - Cells, tissues, organs and body systems as a hierarchy of subsystems that are integrated in a multicellular living organism.

Define emergent property.

C3.1.2 - Cells, tissues, organs and body systems as a hierarchy of subsystems that are integrated in a multicellular living organism.

State an example of an emergent property for each level of biological organization within a multicellular organism.

C3.1.2 - Cells, tissues, organs and body systems as a hierarchy of subsystems that are integrated in a multicellular living organism.

State the two primary mechanisms by which animals integrate organ systems.

C3.1.3 - Integration of organs in animal bodies by hormonal and nervous signaling and by transport of materials and energy.

Compare the type of signal, transmission of signal, effector response, speed and duration of response between hormonal and nervous signals.

C3.1.3 - Integration of organs in animal bodies by hormonal and nervous signaling and by transport of materials and energy.

Outline the role of blood in the transport of material and energy between organs.

C3.1.3 - Integration of organs in animal bodies by hormonal and nervous signaling and by transport of materials and energy.

State the function of the brain.

C3.1.4 - The brain as a central information integration organ.

List sources of information input to the brain.

C3.1.4 - The brain as a central information integration organ.

List organs of the central nervous system.

C3.1.5 - The spinal cord as an integrating center for unconscious processes.

Compare and contrast conscious and unconscious processing.

C3.1.5 - The spinal cord as an integrating center for unconscious processes.

State that the spinal cord can only coordinate unconscious processes.

C3.1.5 - The spinal cord as an integrating center for unconscious processes.

List types of sensory receptors.

C3.1.6 - Input to the spinal cord and cerebral hemispheres through sensory neurons.

Outline the function of sensory neurons.

C3.1.6 - Input to the spinal cord and cerebral hemispheres through sensory neurons.

State the location and function of the cerebral hemispheres, primary motor complex and skeletal muscles.

C3.1.7 - Output from the cerebral hemispheres to muscles through motor neurons.

Outline the function of motor neurons.

C3.1.7 - Output from the cerebral hemispheres to muscles through motor neurons.

Define nerve.

C3.1.8 - Nerves as bundles of nerve fibers of both sensory and motor neurons.

Describe the structures visible in a nerve transverse cross section.

C3.1.8 - Nerves as bundles of nerve fibers of both sensory and motor neurons.

State thay nerves can contain either or both sensory and motor neurons.

C3.1.8 - Nerves as bundles of nerve fibers of both sensory and motor neurons.

Define reflex and reflex arc.

C3.1.9 - Pain reflex arcs as an example of involuntary responses with skeletal muscle as the effector.

Outline the input, processing and output of the pain reflex arc, including the role of receptors, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons and effectors.

C3.1.9 - Pain reflex arcs as an example of involuntary responses with skeletal muscle as the effector.

Identify the cerebellum on a diagram of the human brain.

C3.1.10 - Role of the cerebellum in coordinating skeletal muscle contraction and balance.

State the functions of cerebellum.

C3.1.10 - Role of the cerebellum in coordinating skeletal muscle contraction and balance.

Define circadian rythm.

C3.1.11 - Modulation of sleep patterns by melatonin secretion as a part of circadian rhythms.

State the role of suprachiasmatic nuclei cells in the circadian rhythm.

C3.1.11 - Modulation of sleep patterns by melatonin secretion as a part of circadian rhythms.

Outline how suprachiasmatic nuclei cells sense and respond to changes in light.

C3.1.11 - Modulation of sleep patterns by melatonin secretion as a part of circadian rhythms.

State that melatonin secreted by the pineal gland glands in preparation sleep.

C3.1.11 - Modulation of sleep patterns by melatonin secretion as a part of circadian rhythms.

Outline the mechanism of action of melatonin as a signalling molecule.

C3.1.11 - Modulation of sleep patterns by melatonin secretion as a part of circadian rhythms.

Outline the effects of melatonin on the body.

C3.1.11 - Modulation of sleep patterns by melatonin secretion as a part of circadian rhythms.

State that epinephrine is secreted by adrenal glands in preparation for vigorous activity.

C3.1.12 - Epinephrine secretion by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for vigorous activity.

Outline the mechanism of action of epinephrine as a signalling molecule.

C3.1.12 - Epinephrine secretion by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for vigorous activity.

Outline the effects of epinephrine on the body, including: skeletal muscles, liver, bronchi and bronchioles, ventilation and heart rate, cardiac output, and vessel dilation.

C3.1.12 - Epinephrine secretion by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for vigorous activity.

Outline the role of hypothalamus as a link between nervous and endocrine systems.

C3.1.13 - Control of the endocrine system by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

List body processes that ate monitored by the hypothalamus.

C3.1.13 - Control of the endocrine system by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

Draw a diagram to illustrate the structural relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary.

C3.1.13 - Control of the endocrine system by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

State that the myogenic heart rate can be adjusted by neural and endocrine feedback mechanisms.

C3.1.14 - Feedback control of heart rate following sensory input from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.

Describe the structures and functions of nervous tissue that can regulate heart rate, including the role of medulla oblongata, symphathetic nerve, vagus nerve, baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.

C3.1.14 - Feedback control of heart rate following sensory input from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.

Outline the source and effect of epinephrine on heart rate.

C3.1.14 - Feedback control of heart rate following sensory input from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.

Outline factors that will increase heart rate.

C3.1.14 - Feedback control of heart rate following sensory input from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.

Outline factors that will decrease heart rate.

C3.1.14 - Feedback control of heart rate following sensory input from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.

State the effect of exercise on CO₂ production.

C3.1.15 - Feedback control of ventilation rate following sensory input from chemoreceptors.

Outline the relationship between CO₂ production and blood pH.

C3.1.15 - Feedback control of ventilation rate following sensory input from chemoreceptors.

Outline the feedback loop that regulates the rate of ventilation, including the role of chemoreceptors, brainstem, diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

C3.1.15 - Feedback control of ventilation rate following sensory input from chemoreceptors.

Explain how and why hyperventilation occurs in response to exercise.

C3.1.15 - Feedback control of ventilation rate following sensory input from chemoreceptors.

Outline the role of central and enteric nervous system in movement of material into, through and out the gur.

C3.1.16 - Control of peristalsis in the digestive system by the central nervous system and enteric nervous system.

List components of the movement of material into, through and out the gut that are under voluntary and involuntary control.

C3.1.16 - Control of peristalsis in the digestive system by the central nervous system and enteric nervous system.

Contrast positive and negative tropism.

AHL C3.1.17 - Observations of tropic responses in seedlings.

Contrast phototropism and gravitropism in roots and stems.

AHL C3.1.17 - Observations of tropic responses in seedlings.

Outline the cause and cosequence of positive phototropism in plant shoot.

AHL C3.1.18 - Positive phototropism as a directional growth response to lateral light in plant shoots.

Outline phytohormone.

AHL C3.1.19 - Phytohormones as signaling chemicals controlling growth, development and resposne to stimuli in plants.

List examples of chemicals that function as phytohormones.

AHL C3.1.19 - Phytohormones as signaling chemicals controlling growth, development and resposne to stimuli in plants.

Outline the role of phytohormones in plant growth, development and response to stimuli.

AHL C3.1.19 - Phytohormones as signaling chemicals controlling growth, development and resposne to stimuli in plants.

State two roles of the hormone auxin.

AHL C3.1.20 - Auxin efflux carriers as an example of maintaining concentration gradients of phytohormones.

Describe the mechanism of movement of auxin into and between plant cells.

AHL C3.1.20 - Auxin efflux carriers as an example of maintaining concentration gradients of phytohormones.

Explain how auxin concentrations allow for phototropism.

AHL C3.1.21 - Promotion of cell growth by auxin.

Describe the mechanism of action of auxin in the phototropic response, including the role of H⁺ ions and cellulose crosslinks.

AHL C3.1.21 - Promotion of cell growth by auxin.

Outline the source and transport of auxin and cytokinin in pants.

AHL C3.1.22 - Interactions between auxin and cytokinin as a means of regulating root and shoot growth.

Exlain how root and shoot growth are regulated by interaction of auxin and cytokinin.

AHL C3.1.22 - Interactions between auxin and cytokinin as a means of regulating root and shoot growth.

State he function of fruits.

AHL C3.1.23 - Positive feedback in fruit ripening and ethylene production.

List changes that occur to a fruit as it ripens.

AHL C3.1.23 - Positive feedback in fruit ripening and ethylene production.

Describe the positive feedback mechanism of fruit ripening.

AHL C3.1.23 - Positive feedback in fruit ripening and ethylene production.

Outline why fruit ripening has evolved to be rapid and synchronized.

AHL C3.1.23 - Positive feedback in fruit ripening and ethylene production.