Module 5: Motivation

Motivation

process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met

Movere

Latin word meaning to move

Extrinsic Motivation

action is started, directed, and continued to achieve something external to the person

Intrinsic Motivation

action is started, directed, and continued to achieve some internal needs or wants

Instincts

innate, biological patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals

Drive-Reduction Theory

focused on concepts of needs and drives

Primary Drives

survival needs of the body

Acquired Drives

learned through experience or conditioning

Homeostasis

tendency of the body to maintain a steady state

McClelland’s Theory of Affiliation, Power, and Achievement Needs

theory of motivation highlighting the importance of three psychological needs not typically considered by previous theories

Need for Affiliation

need for friendly social interactions and relationships

Need for Power

about having control over other people to have influence over others and make an impact on them

Need for Achievement

accomplishing or trying to accomplish something that is challenging

Social Comparison

we see it as challenging when we create partial progress compared to others

Internal Standard

we deem something difficult, so accomplishing it fulfills the need for achievement

Carol Dweck’s Self-Theory of Motivation

theory where need for achievement is closely linked to personality factors, how “self” can affect the individual’s perception of success or failure

Optimum Arousal Theory

theory recognizing the need for stimulation

Stimulus Motive

unlearned, but causes an increase in stimulation

Incentive Approach

explains behavior in terms of external stimulus and the behavior’s rewarding properties

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

person must strive to meet several levels of needs before achieving highest level of personality fulfillment (self-actualization)

Peak Experiences

time in a person’s life in which self-actualization is achieved, even temporarily

Self-Determination Theory

emphasizes that people have three innate and universal psychological needs (Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness)

Equity Theory

people are motivated by sense of fairness, if they are treated fairly and equally compared to others

Justice Theory

fairness issues concerning methods, mechanisms, processes used to determine outcomes