the biology of cell

What does the nervous system do?

Responds to the body through nerves; spinal cord, nerves

Chromatin

Unorganized DNA in nucleus when cell is not dividing

Muscular

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles

Tissue

Similar cells that perform similar functions

Endocrine

Hormone cells

Cardiovascular

Carries blood to the body

Chromosomes

Condensed organized form of DNA and proteins during cell division

What does the respiratory system do?

Delivering oxygen to the tissues

Digestive

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, liver, spleen, gallbladder

Urinary

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

What does the integumentary system do?

Protects the body ; regulates remp

What does the muscular system do?

Movement, stabilize, temp

What does the skeletal system do?

supports and protects the body; production of blood cells

What else can mitochondria do?

Self replicate, has own DNA, has outer/inner mitochondrial membrane

What does the lymphatic system do?

Filters blood and protects body from disease

Metabolism

Chemical reactions within an organism

Responsiveness

Reaction change inside/ outside the body

Differentiation

Development of specialized cells from unspecialized cells

Homeostasis

Organisms maintaining equilibrium in internal and external environment

Cillia

Short hair that extends from the surface of the cell, creates movement of fluid surface

Negative feedback

Reverses original stimuli

Positive feedback

Reinforces original stimuli

Plasma membrane

Lipid bilayer w/ proteins, selectively permeable

Selectively permeable

Microfilaments

Smallest in cytoskeleton, maintains change in cell shape

Characteristics of phospholipids

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Cell reproduction

Produces 2 identical cells with the same number of chromosomes

Diffusion

Movement of molecules of higher concentration to lower concentration

Isotonic

When the concentration of two solutions is the same

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution

Why does an active transport require energy?

Substances are moving from lower concentration to a higher one.

Primary active transport

Active transport that relies on ATP

Secondary active transport

Energy stored in the concentration gradients of ions.

Inorganic compunds

Water, salts, acids, bases

Function of water

transports, lubricant, cushions, thermoregulation

Function of salts

Separates in water to make electrolytes for conductivity

Acids and bases

Determine pH

Organic compounds

Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids

Function of carbs

Energy source

Function of nucleic acids

Stores DNA and transfers RNA

Function of lipids

Stores energy (adipose)

Function of protein

Enzymes, hormones, antibodies, collagen

What are phospholipids

Amphipathic (polar/non polar parts)

Plama membrane

Selectively permeable, arrangement of lipids/proteins

Integral proteins

Extends thru entire lipid bilayer

Transporters

Move substances across membrane

Receptors

Bind to specific extracellular molecules

Enzymes

Speeds chemical reactions on in/outside cell

Anchoring sites

Secures cytoskeleton to plasma membrane

Cell adhesion

Binds cells together

Cell identity markers

Cells recognize/respond to good and bad substances

Factors that can affect diffusion rate

Mass, temperature, surface area, steepness, distance

How does molecular weight affect the rate of diffusion?

Weight and diffusion rate are inversely proportional

How does viscosity affect the rate of diffusion?

Increase of viscosity will decrease diffusion

How does temp affect the rate of diffusion?

as temperature increases, molecules move faster

How does distance affect the rate of diffusion?

Further=longer

How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

Larger=faster

Simple diffusion

Substances move through lipid bilayer without help of transport proteins

Facilitated diffusion

Integral membrane protein must assist movement if solute is too polar/highly charged

Osmois

Water moving from high concentration to a lower one

What happens to a isotonic cell?

Cell maintains shape/volume

What happens to a hypotonic cell?

Cells swell and burst

What happens to a hypertonic cell?

Water moves out of cell

Active transport

ATP required for proteins to move solutes across plasma membrane against concentration gradient

Primary active transport

Energy is obtained from the breakdown of ATP

Secondary active transport

Movement of substance down its concentration gradient provides power needed to move the other substance against its concentration gradient

Endocytosis

Cellular uptake of large substances from the external environment to the cell

Receptor mediated

The movement of specific molecules into a cell that first bind to a receptor

Exocytosis

Movement of large substances out of cell

What can exocytosis be used to do

Release waste, release digestive enzymes, release neurotransmitters

Rough ER

Modifies, transports and store proteins produced by ribosomes

Smooth ER

Enzymes that are more diverse than rough er, synthesizes lipids, carbohydrate metabolism

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, packages and transports proteins/lipids made in rough ER and forms lysosomes

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis, composed of. subunits made in nucleus

Mitochondria

Generates most of cells ATP thru aerobic respiration, powerhouse

Lysosomes

Digests microbes/materials ingested by cell, formed by golgi

Peroxisomes

Contains oxidative enzymes that detoxifies and beta oxidizes

Cytoskeleton

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Proteasome

Continuous destruction of unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins

Function of nucleus

Cell’s control center, where genetic material is found

Function of nuclear envelope/membrane

Double membrane surrounds the nucleus, phospholipid bilayer

Function of nucleolus

Small/large subunits of ribosomes one or more spherical bodies

Transcription

Initiation, elongation, termination

Initiation in transcription

The double helix of DNA is unraveled in order to read/copy it

Elongation in transcription

Exposed bases in DNA paired with RNA

Termination in transcription

Newly formed RNA released from DNA and DNA turns back into helix

Initiation in translation

Forms complex of small and large ribosomes, a newly formed mRNA and tRNA

Elongation in translation

Forms protein composed of amino acids

Termination in translation

Newly synthesized protein is released

Centrosome

Participates in mitotic spindle formation which facilitates chromosome movement during cell division

Interphase S

DNA replication occurs

Interphase G2

Cell growth, enzymes/proteins are synthesized

Interphase G1

Replication of cell’s organelles and cytosolic components

Metaphase

Chromatid pairs align in the center of the cell along the plate

Early Prophase

Chromatin fibers condense into chromosomes, Nuclear membrane disperses, nucleolus disappears, centrosomes migrate to poles of the cells

Telophase

Chromosomes uncoil and return to thread-like chromatinMitotic spindle disappears, nuclear membrane forms around the chromatin, nucleolus reappears

Anaphase

Chromatid pair separate and begin moving toward the opposite poles of the cell

Tissue level

Similar cells that work together to perform similar function

Organ

Groups of 2 or more tissues that perform similar functions