KIN 223 Block Exam 4 Multiple Choice

An end plate potential is an event that involves a gain of

- positive charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as potassium rapidly enters

- negative charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as sodium rapidly enters

- negative charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as potassium rapidly enters

- positive charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as sodium rapidly enters

positive charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as sodium rapidly enters

If you were studying the functions of skeletal muscle, you would be studying all of the following except

- protecting internal organs

- holding the head erect

- helping maintain a constant body temperature

- movement

- production of blood cells

production of blood cells

Which of the following refers to a sustained muscle contraction?

- Relaxation

- Tetanus

- Fatigue

- Latency

- Summation

Tetanus

A power stroke involves

- an actin molecule pulling a myosin molecule toward the M-line

- a thick filament pushing an actin filament towards the nearest Z-line

- a thin filament shortening in length and thereby shortening the sarcomere

- a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere

a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere

Which of the following connects muscle to bone?

- Epithelial tissue

- Menisci

- Tendons

- Ligaments

- Cartilage

Tendons

With increased age, skeletal muscles show

- an increase in muscle fiber diameter

- a tendency to fatigue less rapidly

- increased glycogen reserves

- a decrease in the number of myofibrils

- no change in oxygen storage capability

a decrease in the number of myofibrils

Which of the following statements is true concerning calcium ions?

- In skeletal muscle, it binds with tropomyosin

- In skeletal muscle, it binds with calmodulin

- In smooth muscle, it binds with calmodulin

- In smooth muscle, it binds with troponin

- In smooth muscle, it binds with myosin light-chain kinase

In smooth muscle, it binds with calmodulin

Oxidative fibers are

- white and fatigable

- red and fatigable

- white and fatigue-resistant

- red and fatigue-resistant

red and fatigue-resistant

Which of the following structures has the active sites to which the heads of the thick filaments will bind?

- Tropomyosin

- Troponin

- Myosin

- Actin

- Sarcoplasm

Actin

The increase in muscle tension that occurs with an increase in the intensity (voltage) of a stimulus is called

- tone

- incomplete tetany

- recruitment

- wave summation

recruitment

For a sprint lasting 60 seconds, ATP is supplied primarily by

- phosphate transfer and glycolysis

- conversion of lactate to pyruvate

- phosphate transfer only

- aerobic respiration only

phosphate transfer and glycolysis

Which is a characteristic of skeletal muscle from the selections below?

- Under autonomic nervous control

- Lack of striations

- Multinucleated

- Contains intercalated discs

Multinucleated

The membranous network that wraps around myofibrils and holds relatively high concentrations of calcium is known as the

- T-tubule

- Golgi body

- sarcomere

- sarcolemma

- sarcoplasmic reticulum

sarcoplasmic reticulum

During relaxation, passive tension in _________ is released.

- dystrophin

- myoglobin

- connectin

- myosin

connectin

What is the letter associated with the dark bands in a sarcomere?

- M

- H

- A

- Z

- I

A

In general, a skeletal muscle is composed of

a: connective tissue sheaths

b: nerves

c: arteries

d: veins

e: muscle fibers

- a, b, d, e.

- a, b, c, d.

- b, c, d, e.

- a, b, c, d, e.

- a, b, c, e.

a, b, c, d, e.

In a lab, wave summation is demonstrated by increasing the _________ of the stimulus.

- capacitance

- intensity

- warm up time

- frequency

frequency

"Intermediate fiber" is another name for

- a fast-twitch, glycolytic fiber

- a slow-twitch, oxidative fiber

- a fast-twitch, oxidative fiber

- a slow-twitch, glycolytic fiber

a fast-twitch, oxidative fiber

The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a(n) _________ subunit.

- elastin

- tropomyosin

- actin

- troponin

- myosin

troponin

In a 1500-meter run, an event that may take about 5 to 6 minutes, ATP is supplied by which energy sources?

- Phosphagens and anaerobic sources

- Aerobic sources only

- Phosphagens, anaerobic, and aerobic sources

- Phosphagens only

Phosphagens, anaerobic, and aerobic sources

The sequence for skeletal muscle contraction is

- increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, which moves tropomyosin from blocking active sites on actin filament, which binds with myosin head groups, resulting in contraction

- increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, complex binds with myosin light-chain kinase, which uses ATP to phosphorylate myosin head groups, which bind to actin filaments, resulting in contraction

- increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to troponin, complex binds with myosin light-chain kinase, which uses ATP to phosphorylate myosin head groups, which bind to actin filaments, resulting in contraction

- increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin from blocking active sites on actin filament, which binds with myosin head groups, resulting in contraction

increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin from blocking active sites on actin filament, which binds with myosin head groups, resulting in contraction

Select all that are true regarding a resting muscle fiber.

- The charge difference across the sarcolemma is zero

- There is more sodium outside the cell as compared to the sarcoplasm

- Chemically gated ion channels are open

- Voltage-gated ion channels are closed

- The charge difference across the sarcolemma is zero

- There is more sodium outside the cell as compared to the sarcoplasm

- Voltage-gated ion channels are closed

The muscle that extends from the clavicle to the first rib, and whose main action is to stabilize and depress the clavicle, is the

- trapezius

- rhomboid major

- subclavius

- pectoralis major

subclavius

A nursing baby is using what muscle to suckle?

- Platysma

- Buccinator

- Mentalis

- Levator labii superioris

- Risorius

Buccinator

Which muscle does not attach proximally to the ischial tuberosity?

- Biceps femoris

- Semitendinosus

- Semimembranosus

- Adductor longus

- Quadratus femoris

Adductor longus

What is the action of the gastrocnemius muscle?

- Adduction of leg

- Flexion of leg

- Extension of leg

- Rotation of leg

- Abduction of leg

Flexion of leg

What two muscles attach distally to the calcaneal tendon?

- Extensor hallucis longus and fibularis longus

- Flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus

- Gastrocnemius and soleus

- Tibialis posterior and popliteus

- Tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus

Gastrocnemius and soleus

These two muscles are known as the triceps surae and together are the most powerful plantar flexors of all of the leg muscles.

- Gastrocnemius and soleus

- Tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus

- Tibialis posterior and popliteus

- Flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus

- Extensor hallucis longus and fibularis longus

Gastrocnemius and soleus

There are three gluteal muscles. Select the one that is correctly matched with its primary action.

- Gluteus minimus: rotates the thigh

- Gluteus maximus: abducts the thigh

- Gluteus medius: abducts the thigh

Gluteus medius: abducts the thigh

For elbow flexion,

- biceps brachii is the antagonist and triceps brachii is the agonist

- triceps brachii is the synergist and biceps brachii is the antagonist

- deltoid is the agonist and biceps brachii is the synergist

- biceps brachii is the synergist and triceps brachii is the agonist

- biceps brachii is the agonist and triceps brachii is the antagonist

biceps brachii is the agonist and triceps brachii is the antagonist

Crural muscles are those that move the

- wrist

- hip

- vertebral column

- thigh

- ankle, foot, and toes

ankle, foot, and toes

These muscles elevate the ribs and have their origin on the inferior border of the superior rib and their insertion on the superior border of the inferior rib.

- Serratus posterior inferior

- Transversus thoracis

- Internal intercostals

- External intercostals

- Diaphragm

External intercostals

Which of the following muscles is the longest muscle in the body and is nicknamed the "tailor's muscle" because it flexes and laterally rotates the thigh while also flexing and medially rotating the leg (helping us to sit cross-legged, as tailors used to do)?

- Rectus femoris

- Gracilis

- Sartorius

- Vastus lateralis

Sartorius

Which is the longest muscle of the body?

- Sartorius

- Biceps brachii

- Quadriceps femoris

- Brachioradialis

- Gracilis

Sartorius

Which muscle is the prime extensor of the elbow joint?

- Deltoid muscle

- Triceps brachii

- Brachioradialis

- Biceps brachii

- Brachialis

Triceps brachii

The muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg function to

- plantarflex the foot and flex the toes

- dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes

- dorsiflex the foot and flex the toes

- plantarflex the foot and extend the toes.

dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes

A muscle whose action opposes that of the prime mover is known as a(n)

- agonist

- antagonist

- synergist

- extensor

antagonist

This muscle has its inferior attachment on the manubrium and sternal end of the clavicle and its superior attachment on the mastoid process.

- Scalene

- Sternocleidomastoid

- Splenius cervicus

- Longissimus capitis

- Splenius capitis

Sternocleidomastoid

The muscle that compresses the cheek against the teeth when we chew is the

- masseter

- mentalis

- buccinator

- orbicularis iris

buccinator

Which muscle does not move the mandible?

- Lateral pterygoid

- Temporalis

- Masseter

- Medial pterygoid

- Genioglossus

Genioglossus

What is the proximal attachment of the highlighted muscle?

- Olecranon of ulna

- Coracoid process of scapula

- Medial border of scapula

- Superior clavicular border

- Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

All of these muscles, except one, have their proximal attachment on the scapula. Select the exception.

- Pectoralis major

- Coracobrachialis

- Subscapularis

- Triceps brachii

- Infraspinatus

Pectoralis major

What are tendinous intersections?

- Narrow, vertical, fibrous strips used to attach muscle sheaths of the left and right rectus abdominis

- Fibrous, perpendicular insertions between successive sheets or blocks of muscle

- Flat sheets of connective tissue used for muscle insertion

- Round tendonlike structures attaching muscle to bone

- Thin layers of muscle used to attach two other muscles together

Fibrous, perpendicular insertions between successive sheets or blocks of muscle

The multiple nuclei in skeletal muscle cells are the result of the

- spontaneous development of nuclei in embryonic cells

- cytokinesis of embryonic satellite cells

- stimulation of fibroblasts by hormones

- fusion of myoblasts

- action of testosterone on mesenchyme cell

fusion of myoblasts

Consider the difference between lifting a light pad of paper versus a heavy textbook. The primary way the level of force of muscle contraction is controlled is by

- altering the number of crossbridges each individual fiber uses

- activating the motor units at a different frequency

- activating different regions of the muscle

- recruiting a different number of motor units

recruiting a different number of motor units

Stimulation of muscle fibers at a rate of 20 to 50 stimuli per second does not allow for complete relaxation of the fibers before the next stimulatory event. This results in _________ and can lead to incomplete tetany.

- wave summation

- a muscle twitch

- tone

- tetany

wave summation

An individual is better at performing repeated muscle contractions under aerobic conditions if he or she has a greater percentage of ____________ fibers in the muscles used in that activity.

- type I

- type IIb

type I

Your school wins the homecoming football game against its biggest rival. You watch as the small cheerleader tries to lift up the heaviest linebacker in her excitement. As she strains against his 300-pound load and does not move him, what type of muscle contraction are her muscles experiencing?

- Isotonic

- Concentric

- Isometric

- Eccentric

Isometric

The branch of the nervous system that helps govern smooth muscle contraction is the __________ nervous system.

- somatic

- autonomic

autonomic

When an impulse arrives at the knob of the motor neuron, calcium

- is released from synaptic vesicles

- exits through voltage-gated channels and triggers transmitter release

- exits through active transport pumps and brings transmitter with it

- enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter

- enters through active transport pumps and triggers the release of transmitter

enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter

If you were studying the neurotransmitter released from axon terminals at a neuromuscular junction, you would be studying

- acetylcholine

- lactic acid

- creatine phosphate

- calcium ions

- ATP

acetylcholine

For relaxation to occur,

- extracellular calcium levels fall, calcium is pumped into the myofibril, and tropomyosin slides away from actin

- calcium leaves the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and troponin binds calcium and blocks the binding sites on actin

- calcium enters the myofibril, it detaches from myosin, and the binding sites on myosin become inactive

- sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin building blocks binding sites on actin

sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin building blocks binding sites on actin

Smooth muscle found in both the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye and arrector pili muscles in the skin is ______________ smooth muscle.

- single-unit

- multiunit

- visceral

- varicosity-controlled

multiunit

What part of a muscle twitch begins as a repetitive power stroke, then pulls the thin filaments past the thick filaments, shortening the sarcomeres?

- Latent period

- Contraction period

- Relaxation period

- Threshold

Contraction period

The type of muscle fibers that are striated, form Y-shaped branches, and are joined by intercalated discs are

- voluntary

- skeletal and voluntary

- skeletal

- smooth

- cardiac

cardiac

All the muscle fibers under the control of a single motor axon are referred to as

- the myosin

- a motor unit

- the sarcolemma

- a myofibril

- the prime mover

a motor unit

Which fibers dominate many of the back and calf muscles that contract almost continually to maintain posture?

- Slow-twitch

- Fast-twitch

- Intermediate

Slow-twitch

The narrow space that separates the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber in a neuromuscular junction is called the

- synaptic cleft

- motor end plate

- synaptic knob

- synaptic vesicle

synaptic cleft

Release of crossbridges and a decline in muscle tension characterizes the _________ period of a twitch.

- latent

- relaxation

- contraction

relaxation

A decrease in muscular activity or damage to neurons that attach to skeletal muscle can lead to a reduction in the size of muscle called

- myasthenia gravis

- atrophy

- dystrophy

- rigor mortis

- denervation

atrophy

Which of the following will increase during strenuous muscular activity?

- Actin

- Oxygen

- Lactate

- Carbon monoxide

- Myosin

Lactate

What are the causes of muscle fatigue? Select all that apply

- Lack of ATP

- Crossbridge recycling/elevated phosphate ion concentration

- Change in Na+ or K+ ion concentration

- Insufficient Ca2+ at the neuromuscular junction

- Change in Na+ or K+ ion concentration

- Insufficient Ca2+ at the neuromuscular junction

Muscles of the pectoral girdle attach proximally on the

- axial skeleton and attach distally on the clavicle and scapula

- axial skeleton and attach distally on the humerus

- clavicle and scapula and attach distally on the axial skeleton

- humerus and attach distally on the clavicle and scapula

- humerus and attach distally on the axial skeleton

axial skeleton and attach distally on the clavicle and scapula

Which of the following thigh muscles has its insertion in the head of the fibula?

- Gracilis

- Sartorius

- Biceps femoris

- Adductor magnus

Biceps femoris

Besides the supinator, which other muscle is a powerful supinator of the forearm?

- Brachialis

- Pronator quadratus

- Pronator teres

- Biceps brachii

- Triceps brachii

Biceps brachii

The muscles that protract the scapula include

- serratus anterior and trapezius

- trapezius and subclavius

- serratus anterior and pectoralis minor

- rhomboid major and teres minor

serratus anterior and pectoralis minor

Which muscles help us in the initial breakdown of food?

- Muscles of mastication

- Muscles that move the tongue

- Muscles of the pharynx

- Extrinsic eye muscles

- Muscles of facial expression

Muscles of mastication

If the right sternocleidomastoid contracts unilaterally, the resulting movement will be

- lateral extension of the head to the left and rotation of the head to the right

- lateral extension of the head to the right and rotation of the head to the left

- lateral flexion of the head to the left and rotation of the head to the right

- lateral flexion of the head to the right and rotation of the head to the left

lateral flexion of the head to the right and rotation of the head to the left

Muscles that protract the scapula would be ______________ thoracic muscles.

- posterior

- anterior

anterior

The muscle that has its superior attachment on the mastoid process and has a bilateral action of flexing the neck is the

- middle scalene

- splenius capitis

- sternocleidomastoid

sternocleidomastoid

Muscles whose functions are to depress either the hyoid bone or the thyroid cartilage of the larynx are the ____________ muscles.

- stylohyoid

- mylohyoid

- infrahyoid

- suprahyoid

infrahyoid

The deepest of the abdominal muscles are the ______________ muscles.

- tendinous intersections

- external oblique

- rectus abdominus

- internal oblique

- transversus abdominus

transversus abdominus

If you had all of your fingers (including the thumb) spread out wide, which muscle or group would bring your thumb toward your first finger?

- Dorsal interossei

- Adductor pollicis

- Lumbricals

- Palmar interossei

- Abductor pollicis longus

Adductor pollicis

The muscle that forms a partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the

- diaphragm

- scalenes

- internal intercostal

- interspinales

- transversus thoracis

diaphragm

Which muscle forms the traditional "six-pack" of a well-toned abdominal wall?

- Longissimus

- Rectus abdominis

- Internal oblique

- External oblique

- Transversus abdominis

Rectus abdominis

Which structure is highlighted?

- Rectus abdominis

- External abdominal oblique

- Transverse abdominis

- Internal abdominal oblique

- Anterior rectus sheath

Internal abdominal oblique

If you had all of your fingers (including the thumb) spread out wide, which muscle or group would bring fingers 2-5 together?

- Dorsal interossei

- Adductor pollicis

- Abductor pollicis longus

- Lumbricals

- Palmar interossei

Palmar interossei

Of the following, the muscle or group that does not have its proximal attachment on the calcaneus is the

- abductor hallucis

- lumbricals

- quadratus plantae

- flexor digitorum brevis

- extensor digitorum brevis

lumbricals

During wave summation

- stimuli arrive at the muscle fiber at a rate that allows it to contract and then completely relax between each stimulus

- a second stimulus arrives at the muscle before complete relaxation of the first contraction, causing the second contraction to have greater tension than the first one

- a muscle fiber under continuous stimulation and contraction becomes unable to contract at all until it has rested

- the stimuli arrive at the muscle fiber so rapidly that there is no muscle relaxation between stimuli, but rather a continuous contraction of the muscle fiber

a second stimulus arrives at the muscle before complete relaxation of the first contraction, causing the second contraction to have greater tension than the first one

The structure responsible for attaching muscle to bone is a

- ligament

- myofibril

- sphincter

- tendon

- fascia

tendon

Which protein makes up the thick filaments?

- Troponin

- Actin

- Myopathy

- Myosin

- Tropomyosin

Myosin

Acetylcholine exerts its effect by

- allowing calcium to enter the cell

- binding to receptors at the motor end plate

- stimulating the motor neuron's synaptic knob

- activating acetylcholinesterase

binding to receptors at the motor end plate

The contractile unit of a myofibril is called the

- M line

- sarcoplasm

- sarcolemma

- sarcoplasmic reticulum

- sarcomere

sarcomere

During tetany,

- stimuli arrive at the muscle fiber at a rate that allows it to contract and then completely relax between each stimulus

- the stimuli arrive at the muscle fiber so rapidly that there is no muscle relaxation between stimuli, but rather, a continuous contraction of the muscle fiber

- a muscle fiber under continuous stimulation and contraction becomes unable to contract at all until it has been rested

- a second stimulus arrives at the muscle before complete relaxation of the first contraction causing the second contraction to have greater tension than the first one

the stimuli arrive at the muscle fiber so rapidly that there is no muscle relaxation between stimuli, but rather, a continuous contraction of the muscle fiber

A typical skeletal muscle cell contains approximately ___________ mitochondria.

- 30

- 3

- 300

- 3000

300

For relaxation to occur,

- ACh receptors open and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close

- ACh receptors open and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum open

- ACh receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close

- ACh receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum open

ACh receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close

Which type of smooth muscle is innervated most similar to skeletal muscle, with muscle cells arranged as motor units and each cell stimulated by a single motor neuron?

- Multiunit smooth muscle

- Single-unit smooth muscle

Multiunit smooth muscle

Phosphate transfer is used for

- immediate ATP needs and is dependent on oxygen

- long term ATP needs and is not dependent on the presence of oxygen

- immediate ATP needs and is not dependent on oxygen

- long term ATP needs and is dependent on oxygen

immediate ATP needs and is not dependent on oxygen

The repolarization of the action potential involves the opening of

- chemically gated K+ channels

- chemically gated Na+ channels

- voltage-gated Na+ channels

- voltage-gated K+ channels

voltage-gated K+ channels

The action potential of a muscle fiber occurs

- along the sarcolemma and down T-tubules

- within the sarcoplasmic reticulum

- in the mitochondria

- at the end plate

along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules

A term that describes the change in muscle following a lack of exercise is

- convergence

- myofascia

- atrophy

- hypertrophy

- proliferation

atrophy

Which are possible functions of skeletal muscles?

a: Maintenance of posture

b: Both highly coordinated and localized simple movements

c: Temperature regulation

d: Support of certain body organs

e: Regulation of the movement of material through certain body tracts

- a, b, c, e

- a, b, c

- a, b, c, d, e

- a, b, c, d

- a, b, e

a, b, c, d, e

The ending "glossus" on the name of a muscle refers to

- the tongue

- swallowing

- the jaw

- mastication

- the neck

the tongue

The function of the biceps femoris is to

- extend the thigh and flex the leg

- flex the thigh and extend the leg

- adduct the thigh and extend the knee

- flex the hip and ankle

- flex the thigh (with no action at the leg)

extend the thigh and flex the leg

The diamond-shaped region between the lower appendages is called the

- anal triangle

- genital triangle

- linea alba

- perineum

perineum

If you severely injured your adductor pollicis, which movement might be affected?

- Adduction of fingers 2-5

- Adduction of the pinky finger (finger 5)

- Adduction of the wrist

- Adduction of the thumb

Adduction of the thumb

Which muscle is the most powerful muscle of mastication and functions to elevate and protract the mandible?

- Medial pterygoid

- Masseter

- Lateral pterygoid

- Temporalis

Masseter

The condition known as "tennis elbow" is caused by trauma or overuse of the common tendon muscles that cause wrist extension. In other words, it is caused by damage to the

- common extensor tendon of the anterior forearm muscles

- common flexor tendon of the anterior forearm muscles

- common flexor tendon of the posterior forearm muscles

- common extensor tendon of the posterior forearm muscles

- None of the choices is correct.

common extensor tendon of the posterior forearm muscles

The type of muscles in which the fascicles are at an oblique angle to the tendon and the muscle fibers resembles a large feather is called

- pennate

- parallel

- circular

- convergent

pennate

Which cranial nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle?

- The trochlear nerve

- The glossopharyngeal nerve

- The trigeminal nerve

- The oculomotor nerve

- The abducens nerve

The trochlear nerve