Chromosomal Abnormalities & Karyotype, Cancer & Stem Cells

1. Sometimes Meiosis does not occur correctly. The arrow pointing to the starred chromosomes below is showing a phenomenon known as __________________, which results in a(n) ____________________ number of chromosomes in the resulting cells.

nondisjunction, aneuploid

2. This is a ____________________ of someone who has an abnormal number of ___________________ somewhere.

idk

3. More specifically, the correct reading for this person would be...

46, XX +18

4. If the bottom left cell was a sperm that fertilized a normal egg, the resulting offspring would have a ___________________ condition.

trisomy

5. If either of the bottom left two cells were sex cells that ended up being fertilized in the resulting offspring, there would be an abnormal number of chromosomes.  What was the general reason why having too few or too many chromosomes is so problematic (and often times deadly) for organisms?

idk

6. Ultimately, cancer is a mistake in the genes that regulate the cell cycle. If you were to explain to someone else what happens to cells that become cancerous, how would you explain what is happening to the oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes that control our cell cycle?

Tumor suppressor genes normally make proteins that cause cells to stop dividing. Those genes can mutate, meaning cells keep dividing when they are not supposed to.

7. When talking about cancer, UV light, cigarette smoke, bad diet, and hereditary mutations are all examples of:

carcinogens

8. A malignant tumor is one that has gone through ____________________.

metastasis

9. One thing that was learned about cancer is that it is difficult to treat and find cures.  The reason for this is that even the same kinds of cancer (e.g. lung cancer) can have different mutated _______________ found in the cells of the  ______________.

genes, tumor

10. We learned about another type of cell that divides differently than our normal cells.  Stem cells are cells that are different than our normal body cells, like skin, liver and lung cells. Which property listed is NOT a property stem cells have?

stem cells have half the number of chromosomes of normal cells

11. ____________ stem cells can be found in various parts of our body, and they can develop into _______________ types of cells our body needs to replace old and dying ones.

Adult, specific

12. ___________________ stem cells receive messages early on in an organism's development (a ball of around 250 cells) to change into ___________________ possible types of cells your body needs.

Embryonic, all