latinx and families final

What is the immigrant paradox? Who is most at risk?

The immigrant paradox refers to the phenomenon where immigrants tend to have better health and educational outcomes than their U.S.-born counterparts, despite facing socioeconomic disadvantages. Recently immigrated youth and those without strong community or family support are most at risk.

Identify examples of research that take a deficit perspective.

Deficit perspectives focus on what is lacking or deficient in a community, often ignoring strengths and resilience. Examples include studies that only highlight academic struggles or economic disadvantages without recognizing community support or cultural strengths.

Which youth from which state report higher familism? What are the benefits and costs?

Youth from Texas report higher levels of familism. Benefits include strong family bonds and support systems, while costs can include limited independence and pressure to prioritize family needs over personal goals.

Which State has more diversity in Latino nationalities according to the lecture?

California is noted for having the most diversity in Latino nationalities, reflecting a wide range of Latin American countries.

What are key variables that introduce variability? Provide examples.

Key variables include immigration history, nativity, age of arrival, racial-ethnic background, and social class. For example, first-gen immigrants might experience more cultural stress compared to second-gen.

Identify examples/scenarios of studies focusing on chronosystem, exosystem, microsystem, mesosystem, and macrosystem.

Chronosystem (historical context), Exosystem (parents' workplaces), Microsystem (family, school), Mesosystem (interaction between home and school), Macrosystem (cultural values and norms).

What is Equifinality?

Equifinality is the concept that different paths can lead to the same outcome. For example, children from different backgrounds can all achieve high academic success.

What is Multifinality?

Multifinality is the concept that one common experience can lead to multiple different outcomes. For example, children experiencing poverty may graduate, drop out, or engage in criminal activities depending on other factors.

What are aspects of schools that can be promotive or inhibiting when the percentage of students is largely White, middle class?

Schools that are predominantly White and middle-class may provide more resources but can also foster feelings of exclusion or cultural mismatch for Latinx students.

What is the Dual Frame of Reference? Who is likely to have this framing?

The Dual Frame of Reference is when immigrants compare their experiences in the U.S. to those in their country of origin. Immigrant parents are more likely to hold this framing.

What are the differences between convenient and random sampling?

Convenient sampling is quick and cost-effective but less representative, while random sampling is more representative but time-consuming and expensive.

What factors can introduce variability in Latinx experiences?

Factors include socioeconomic status, generational status, immigration history, language proficiency, and community support

What lessons were learned about strategies to lessen barriers to participation and recruitment in Lindsey’s (2021) article on recruiting fathers?

Lindsey's (2021) study found that building trust within communities and culturally relevant recruitment methods helped lessen barriers to participation.

What does the unidimensional and bidirectional model of acculturation suggest?

The unidimensional model suggests that acculturation is a linear process where individuals gradually adopt the new culture while losing their own. The bidirectional model allows for simultaneous integration of both cultures.

What were Roche's findings on variables predicting educational attainment in adulthood?

Roche found that strong family support and high parental expectations were associated with higher educational attainment.

What are the different domains/dimensions of acculturation and enculturation?

The dimensions include behavioral practices, value/attitudinal orientations, and identity domains.

Who is considered marginalized vs. integrated?

Marginalized individuals are disconnected from both their original and host cultures, while integrated individuals maintain strong ties with both

What did Rafaelli & Ontani find about female experiences with parents regarding gender behaviors in childhood vs. adolescence?

Rafaelli & Ontani found that parents often encourage more traditional gender behaviors during childhood but allow more flexibility during adolescence, reflecting shifting expectations.

What is Machismo vs. Caballerismo?

Machismo is characterized by traditional male dominance and authority, while Caballerismo emphasizes responsibility, emotional connection, and respect toward women and family.

What patterns of results were identified in DeGue’s article?

DeGue's article identified that rigid gender norms contribute to emotional suppression and adverse health outcomes, while more flexible gender norms support emotional well-being.

What are ethnic identity theoretical models and key concepts?

Ethnic identity theoretical models include the Eriksonian/Marcian perspective, which emphasizes exploration and commitment, and the Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI), focusing on centrality, salience, private, and public regard.

What are the health-related perceptions of Mexican-origin immigrant adolescents according to Garcia & Saewyc (2007)?"

Garcia & Saewyc (2007) found that Mexican-origin immigrant adolescents view health holistically, emphasizing physical, mental, and social well-being, with strong family connections as protective factors.

What attributes did adolescents use to define 'being healthy'?

Adolescents described 'being healthy' as feeling happy, having good relationships, and being free of stress and anxiety.

What topics were mentioned related to 'being healthy'?

Physical health, mental stability, family relationships, and positive outlooks were key topics when defining health.

What are the findings of the Nelson et al. study related to the percentage of risk of heart disease and diabetes?

The study found that Latino youth are at a higher risk for heart disease and diabetes due to socioeconomic stressors and lack of healthcare access.

What does the double risk status refer to in Nelson et al.'s study?

Double risk status refers to the compounding effects of both genetic predispositions and environmental stressors in health outcomes.

What differences were found between male and female groups on types of individual stressors in Garcia and Lingren's study?

Garcia and Lingren found that male adolescents experienced more work-related stress, while female adolescents reported more family-related stressors.

What is stress sensitization?

Stress sensitization is the process by which exposure to stress makes an individual more sensitive to subsequent stressors, increasing the risk of negative outcomes.

What examples illustrate traditional ACES, immigrant-specific stressors, and intergenerational trauma?

Examples include economic hardship, family separation due to immigration policies, and generational trauma passed down within families.

What are the assumptions of resilience theory?

Resilience theory assumes that individuals can adapt positively despite significant adversity, often facilitated by strong social support and coping mechanisms.

What examples illustrate acculturative stress?

Examples of acculturative stress include language barriers, cultural differences, and feelings of isolation from mainstream society.

What are the differences in stressors reported between U.S. and immigrant youth based on the work by Romero and Roberts?

Romero and Roberts found that immigrant youth reported higher levels of acculturative stress than U.S.-born youth, often related to cultural adjustment and language barriers.

What are the positive and negative outcomes of language brokering?

Language brokering can lead to positive outcomes like increased self-efficacy and bilingualism but also negative outcomes like role strain and stress.

What is the argument made by Kam and Lazerevic (2014) regarding language brokering and well-being?

Kam and Lazerevic (2014) argue that the outcomes of language brokering depend on family context and perceived support. When supported, it is empowering; when pressured, it is stressful.

What are the findings related to brokering frequency, acculturative stress, brokering self-efficacy, and alcohol/marijuana use?

Higher brokering frequency was associated with increased acculturative stress, while high self-efficacy in brokering was linked to lower substance use.

What does stress sensitization refer to?

Stress sensitization is the concept that exposure to stress makes an individual more sensitive to future stressors, increasing vulnerability to mental health issues

What are examples of traditional ACES, immigrant-specific stressors, and intergenerational trauma?

Traditional ACES include abuse and neglect; immigrant-specific stressors include separation from family and language barriers; intergenerational trauma includes cultural dislocation and discrimination

What are the assumptions of resilience theory?

Resilience theory assumes individuals can adapt positively despite adversity, often through community support and protective family dynamics.

What examples illustrate acculturative stress?

Acculturative stress is illustrated by difficulties adapting to a new culture, learning a new language, and experiencing discrimination.

What are the differences in stressors reported between U.S. and immigrant youth?

Immigrant youth report more stressors related to cultural adjustment, while U.S.-born youth report more stress linked to peer relationships.

What are the positive and negative outcomes of language brokering?

Language brokering can be empowering by increasing self-efficacy but also stressful due to role strain and cultural conflicts.

What does Kam and Lazerevic (2014) argue about language brokering and well-being?

Kam and Lazerevic (2014) argue that positive outcomes of language brokering depend on supportive family contexts, while negative outcomes are linked to pressure and lack of support.

What are the findings related to brokering frequency, acculturative stress, brokering self-efficacy, and alcohol/marijuana use?

Higher brokering frequency is associated with increased acculturative stress, while strong self-efficacy in brokering is linked to reduced substance use.

Who are adolescents least likely to talk to about experiences of discrimination?

Adolescents are least likely to talk to teachers or school staff about discrimination experiences.

What were the most common reasons given by youth and parents for unfair treatment in Dr. Bamaca's Pennsylvania study?

Youth often cited appearance and ethnicity as reasons for unfair treatment, while parents mentioned language barriers and socioeconomic status.

What were mothers' experiences of work discrimination directly linked to?

Mothers' experiences of work discrimination were directly linked to language barriers and lack of workplace support.

What strategies did families use to cope with discrimination according to the Martin Romero (2020) article?

Families used reframing, protection tactics, and community support as strategies to cope with discrimination.

What strategies did parents use to discourage youth from engaging in discriminatory behaviors?

Parents discouraged discriminatory behaviors by emphasizing respect for all cultural backgrounds, including Mexicans from Mexico.

How do you determine age of arrival to U.S. for 1.25, 1.75, and 1.0 generation (vs. 2.0)?

1.25 generation: arrival before age 13; 1.75 generation: arrival between ages 13-18; 1.0 generation: arrival as adults; 2.0 generation: U.S.-born to immigrant parents.

What does hypervigilance mean according to Lovato's 2019 study?

Hypervigilance in Lovato's study refers to heightened awareness and caution due to fear of discrimination or deportation

What are the patterns of change for family and individuals described in Bacallao & Smokowski’s 2007 article?

The Bacallao & Smokowski article found shifts from family-centered to more individualistic lifestyles among immigrants, affecting family cohesion.

What is an important predictor of your longevity according to the guest lecture?

Neighborhood safety and community stability are important predictors of longevity.

What is the theory of collective efficacy?

Collective efficacy refers to the ability of a community to regulate behavior and maintain order through shared values and mutual trust.

What are the percentages of federal, state, and local budgets that fund schools? What is the biggest problem related to school funding?

Federal (8%), State (47%), and Local (45%) fund schools. The biggest problem is inequality in local funding due to property taxes.

What factors contribute to Latino youth’s views on parenting and parent-child relationships according to the Crockett article?

Parental monitoring, warmth, and cultural expectations contribute to views on parenting and parent-child relationships

How is parental care defined/described in the Crockett article?

Parental care is described as monitoring, warmth, and emotional support that guide youth development.

What are the gender differences in perceptions of moms and dads according to the Crockett article?

Boys often perceive fathers as more authoritative and mothers as more nurturing, while girls see mothers as role models.

What are the unexpected attributes of parental care?

Unexpected attributes include emotional vulnerability and open communication between parents and children.

What are the differences/similarities between single vs. two-parent households in terms of family functioning and parent-child variables?

Two-parent households generally show stronger parental monitoring and family cohesion compared to single-parent households.

What did Ayon and Garcia’s study find about parental discrimination and parenting domains?

Ayon and Garcia found that experiences of discrimination influenced how parents monitored and supported their children, affecting warmth and acceptance.

What is the concept of ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences)?

ACEs refer to potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (0-17 years) such as abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction. These experiences are linked to increased risk for health problems in adulthood.

What are immigrant-specific stressors as mentioned in the Week 10 guest lecture?

Immigrant-specific stressors include separation from family, adapting to a new culture, language barriers, discrimination, and fear of deportation.

What is stress sensitization, and how does it relate to ACEs?

Stress sensitization suggests that individuals exposed to stress early in life become more sensitive to later stressors, making them more vulnerable to mental health issues.

What is resilience according to the Week 10 guest lecture?

Resilience is defined as a multidomain process that enables individuals to adapt positively despite adversity, supported by community, family, and internal coping mechanisms.

What is Acculturative Stress and its main dimensions?

Acculturative Stress is a form of stress experienced by immigrants due to adapting to a new culture. Its main dimensions include environmental, social/interpersonal, and societal (e.g., discrimination, language barriers)."

What are the outcomes of language brokering, both positive and negative?

Language brokering can lead to positive outcomes like improved language skills and self-efficacy, but also negative outcomes like familial strain and increased acculturative stress.

How does Kam and Lazerevic (2014) explain the impact of language brokering on well-being?

Kam and Lazerevic (2014) argue that language brokering's impact depends on context. High brokering frequency with low perceived burden can be positive, while high burden leads to stress and substance use.

What are the key findings about discrimination among Latinx youth according to Week 12?

Latinx youth often face discrimination based on ethnicity, language ability, and immigrant status, which can impact their mental health and academic performance.

What are common coping strategies for dealing with discrimination?

Common strategies include reframing, ignoring, and family problem-solving, with emphasis on collective coping within the community.

What is the difference between individual/interpersonal discrimination and structural discrimination?

Individual discrimination is direct and personal (e.g., being treated unfairly), while structural discrimination is embedded in policies and societal norms.

What is meant by hypervigilance in the context of discrimination?

Hypervigilance is a heightened state of awareness due to fear of discrimination or violence, often seen in immigrant families coping with uncertainty.

What are the generational labels (1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0) and their age ranges?

1.0 (First Gen): Born abroad, 1.25: Arrived ages 13-17, 1.5: Arrived ages 6-12, 1.75: Arrived ages 0-5, 2.0: U.S. born to immigrant parents.

What are push and pull factors in immigration?

Push factors are negative circumstances (e.g., war, poverty) that drive people out of their country, while pull factors are opportunities (e.g., jobs, education) that attract them to another country

What are the unique challenges faced by mixed-status families?

Mixed-status families include members with different legal statuses, like undocumented parents and U.S.-born children, which creates legal and social challenges.

What is meant by transnational and chain migration?

Transnational migration involves family members moving back and forth between countries, while chain migration involves family members gradually joining each other in the host country.

What are the key findings of Bacallao & Smokowski (2007) on post-migration family dynamics?

Bacallao & Smokowski (2007) found that migration often disrupts family roles and dynamics, with children sometimes taking on adult responsibilities and cultural conflicts emerging.

What is the concept of collective efficacy in neighborhood contexts?

Collective efficacy refers to a community's ability to maintain order and support its members through mutual trust and shared values.

What were the main themes from the Week 15 lecture on Family Context?

Week 15 covered the importance of family relationships, parenting practices, and cultural expectations, with a focus on Mexican-American youth.

What does Crockett et al. (2007) suggest about good parent-child relationships among Mexican-American youth?

Good parent-child relationships emphasize communication, emotional support, and mutual respect. Differences are noted in how boys and girls relate to their parents.

What are the differences in parenting expectations between boys and girls according to Crockett et al. (2007)?

Boys tend to report less communication with fathers, while girls describe more restrictions and expectations of open dialogue with mothers.

What is the impact of cultural values like familismo and respeto on Latino parenting?

Familismo emphasizes strong family loyalty and interdependence, while respeto focuses on respecting elders and authority within the family.

How do neighborhood contexts affect Latino parenting practices?

Neighborhood conditions, such as safety and community support, influence parenting practices like monitoring and family involvement.

What is meant by parental monitoring, and why is it important for Latinx youth?

Parental monitoring includes overseeing children's activities and social interactions, which is crucial for preventing risky behaviors and supporting academic success in Latinx youth.