TRANSPLANTATIONS AND BORDERLANDS

Flashcards covering key topics from the notes on the Chesapeake, New England, Restoration colonies, borderlands, and the development of empire.

What were the main English motivations for settling in North America?

Economic opportunity, religious refuge and liberty, the chance to secure land and a better future, and strategic/political power for English interests.

How did Native Americans influence the early Jamestown settlement?

The Powhatan Confederacy provided food, knowledge of agriculture, and trade; Pocahontas helped mediate and navigate relations; natives were crucial for survival, though conflict and disease still endangered the colony.

What challenges did Jamestown face in its first decade?

Harsh diseases (notably malaria), famine, an inland swampy site, lack of women, and a focus on finding gold rather than farming, leading to high mortality.

What crop proved pivotal to Virginia’s growth, and who helped develop it?

Tobacco; John Rolfe, with local Indian expertise and seeds from the West Indies, developed tobacco as Virginia’s first profitable export.

What was the headright system and what did it encourage?

Land grants of 50 acres per settler; existing settlers received two headrights; new settlers received one; additional headrights were given for paying a passage for immigrants, encouraging family groups to migrate and acquire land.

When and where was the first elected legislature in English America formed?

July 30, 1619, in Jamestown, Virginia—the House of Burgesses.

What is significant about Africans arriving in Virginia in 1619?

“20 and odd Negroes” arrived aboard a Dutch ship; this marks the first recorded arrival of Africans in English North America, beginning the long history of African labor (initially as servants) in the colony.

How did the status of enslaved people evolve in Virginia by 1662?

A legal framework emerged that declared the children of enslaved women would be enslaved for life, codifying hereditary slavery and race-based bondage.

What was Bacon’s Rebellion and what did it reveal about Virginia’s society?

A 1675–1676 conflict led by Nathaniel Bacon of frontier settlers against Governor Berkeley; it exposed tensions between backcountry settlers and tidewater elites and accelerated the shift from indentured servitude to enslaved African labor.

What was the Maryland Toleration Act of 1649?

Act Concerning Religion granting religious toleration to all Christians in Maryland, though Protestant and Catholic conflicts persisted.

Who founded Maryland and why was it established?

George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, founded Maryland as a refuge for English Catholics and a financial venture; Cecil Calvert (the second Lord Baltimore) secured the charter in 1632.

Who were the Plymouth settlers and what was the Mayflower Compact?

The Pilgrims (Separatists) who settled at Plymouth in 1620; they drafted the Mayflower Compact to govern themselves while outside English charter control.

What characterized the Massachusetts Bay Colony’s government and religion?

A Puritan theocracy led by John Winthrop; a “city upon a hill” seeking a holy commonwealth with limited tolerance for dissent.

Who were Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson, and why are they significant?

Roger Williams founded Rhode Island and advocated religious liberty and separation of church and state; Anne Hutchinson challenged Puritan orthodoxy (Antinomianism) and was banished, signaling limits on religious authority.

What were the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?

A 1639-1640 constitutional framework developed under Thomas Hooker that established an independent Connecticut with broader male voting rights and representative governance.

How did Rhode Island differ from Massachusetts Bay on religious freedom?

Rhode Island, founded by Roger Williams, promoted religious liberty and the separation of church and state, allowing diverse beliefs (including Jews, Quakers, and Baptists).

What is notable about Pennsylvania under William Penn?

A Quaker-founded colony promoting religious tolerance, fair treatment of Native Americans, and a Charter of Liberties (1701) creating a representative assembly; Delaware became separate in 1703.

How did New York and New Jersey come to be English colonies?

1664: Charles II granted the Duke of York control of territory between Connecticut and Delaware; English seized New Netherland, renamed it New York; later divided into East and West Jersey, with diverse populations and relatively weak colonial governance.

What was distinctive about slavery in New York under Dutch rule?

The Dutch West India Company allowed a system of “half freedom,” where some slaves were manumitted but their children were not, and they could work for wages and hold land, creating a distinct path from Virginia’s slave system.

Why were the Caribbean colonies important to England and how did slavery develop there?

Caribbean islands produced sugar and rum, driving a labor-intensive plantation economy; slavery expanded rapidly, with Barbados’ 1661 slave codes empowering masters and shaping Atlantic slave society.

What were the Carolinas’ origins and key features?

Charters in 1663–1665 granted broad land to eight proprietors; Port Royal (1670) and Charles Town (1690) emerged; Locke’s Fundamental Constitution (1669) planned a hierarchical society; rice cultivation and slavery anchored the economy; by 1719–1729 the region divided into North and South Carolina as royal colonies.

What happened to New Netherland, and how did it become New York and New Jersey?

The English conquest in 1664 seized New Netherland from the Dutch, renaming it New York; the area later split into New Jersey (East/West Jersey) after initial proprietary arrangements and conflicts.

What was the Dominion of New England and its fate?

A short-lived imperial union (1686–1689) under Sir Edmund Andros that centralized control and enforced the Navigation Acts; it collapsed after the Glorious Revolution, restoring separate colonial governments.

What is the 'Middle Ground' concept in borderlands history?

Regions where Europeans and Native Americans coexisted and negotiated power, with mutual adaptation and diplomacy; not outright conquest, but a site of ongoing cultural exchange and compromise.

What sparked King Philip’s War and what were its outcomes?

In 1675–1676, Metacom (King Philip) united several tribes to resist English encroachment; the war ended with British victory, Metacom’s death, and weakened Indigenous power, accelerating colonial expansion.

What did the Navigation Acts (1660, 1663, 1673) do?

Regulated imperial trade by requiring English ships, routing colonial goods through Britain, and imposing duties on coastal trade; established the framework for enforcing British mercantilism in the colonies.

Why was Georgia founded and who led its founding?

Founded in 1732 by James Oglethorpe and trustees to serve as a military barrier against Spain and to provide a fresh start for debtors; Savannah established in 1733; initially regulated to limit slavery and strong governance, later liberalized.

What was the Spanish encomienda system in the California borderlands?

A Crown-sanctioned system forcing Indigenous peoples to work for Spanish colonists and pay tribute; aimed at organizing labor and resource extraction in far-flung missions and pueblos.

What were the main English motivations for settling in North America?

Economic opportunity, religious refuge and liberty, the chance to secure land and a better future, and strategic/political power for English interests.

How did Native Americans influence the early Jamestown settlement?

The Powhatan Confederacy provided food, knowledge of agriculture, and trade; Pocahontas helped mediate and navigate relations; natives were crucial for survival, though conflict and disease still endangered the colony.

What challenges did Jamestown face in its first decade?

Harsh diseases (notably malaria), famine, an inland swampy site, lack of women, and a focus on finding gold rather than farming, leading to high mortality.

What crop proved pivotal to Virginia’s growth, and who helped develop it?

Tobacco; John Rolfe, with local Indian expertise and seeds from the West Indies, developed tobacco as Virginia’s first profitable export.

What was the headright system and what did it encourage?

Land grants of 50 acres per settler; existing settlers received two headrights; new settlers received one; additional headrights were given for paying a passage for immigrants, encouraging family groups to migrate and acquire land.

When and where was the first elected legislature in English America formed?

July 30, 1619, in Jamestown, Virginia—the House of Burgesses.

What is significant about Africans arriving in Virginia in 1619?

“20 and odd Negroes” arrived aboard a Dutch ship; this marks the first recorded arrival of Africans in English North America, beginning the long history of African labor (initially as servants) in the colony.

How did the status of enslaved people evolve in Virginia by 1662?

A legal framework emerged that declared the children of enslaved women would be enslaved for life, codifying hereditary slavery and race-based bondage.

What was Bacon’s Rebellion and what did it reveal about Virginia’s society?

A 1675–1676 conflict led by Nathaniel Bacon of frontier settlers against Governor Berkeley; it exposed tensions between backcountry settlers and tidewater elites and accelerated the shift from indentured servitude to enslaved African labor.

What was the Maryland Toleration Act of 1649?

Act Concerning Religion granting religious toleration to all Christians in Maryland, though Protestant and Catholic conflicts persisted.

Who founded Maryland and why was it established?

George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, founded Maryland as a refuge for English Catholics and a financial venture; Cecil Calvert (the second Lord Baltimore) secured the charter in 1632.

Who were the Plymouth settlers and what was the Mayflower Compact?

The Pilgrims (Separatists) who settled at Plymouth in 1620; they drafted the Mayflower Compact to govern themselves while outside English charter control.

What characterized the Massachusetts Bay Colony’s government and religion?

A Puritan theocracy led by John Winthrop; a “city upon a hill” seeking a holy commonwealth with limited tolerance for dissent.

Who were Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson, and why are they significant?

Roger Williams founded Rhode Island and advocated religious liberty and separation of church and state; Anne Hutchinson challenged Puritan orthodoxy (Antinomianism) and was banished, signaling limits on religious authority.

What were the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?

A 1639-1640 constitutional framework developed under Thomas Hooker that established an independent Connecticut with broader male voting rights and representative governance.

How did Rhode Island differ from Massachusetts Bay on religious freedom?

Rhode Island, founded by Roger Williams, promoted religious liberty and the separation of church and state, allowing diverse beliefs (including Jews, Quakers, and Baptists).

What is notable about Pennsylvania under William Penn?

A Quaker-founded colony promoting religious tolerance, fair treatment of Native Americans, and a Charter of Liberties (1701) creating a representative assembly; Delaware became separate in 1703.

How did New York and New Jersey come to be English colonies?

1664: Charles II granted the Duke of York control of territory between Connecticut and Delaware; English seized New Netherland, renamed it New York; later divided into East and West Jersey, with diverse populations and relatively weak colonial governance.

What was distinctive about slavery in New York under Dutch rule?

The Dutch West India Company allowed a system of “half freedom,” where some slaves were manumitted but their children were not, and they could work for wages and hold land, creating a distinct path from Virginia’s slave system.

Why were the Caribbean colonies important to England and how did slavery develop there?

Caribbean islands produced sugar and rum, driving a labor-intensive plantation economy; slavery expanded rapidly, with Barbados’ 1661 slave codes empowering masters and shaping Atlantic slave society.

What were the Carolinas’ origins and key features?

Charters in 1663–1665 granted broad land to eight proprietors; Port Royal (1670) and Charles Town (1690) emerged; Locke’s Fundamental Constitution (1669) planned a hierarchical society; rice cultivation and slavery anchored the economy; by 1719–1729 the region divided into North and South Carolina as royal colonies.

What happened to New Netherland, and how did it become New York and New Jersey?

The English conquest in 1664 seized New Netherland from the Dutch, renaming it New York; the area later split into New Jersey (East/West Jersey) after initial proprietary arrangements and conflicts.

What was the Dominion of New England and its fate?

A short-lived imperial union (1686–1689) under Sir Edmund Andros that centralized control and enforced the Navigation Acts; it collapsed after the Glorious Revolution, restoring separate colonial governments.

What is the 'Middle Ground' concept in borderlands history?

Regions where Europeans and Native Americans coexisted and negotiated power, with mutual adaptation and diplomacy; not outright conquest, but a site of ongoing cultural exchange and compromise.

What sparked King Philip’s War and what were its outcomes?

In 1675–1676, Metacom (King Philip) united several tribes to resist English encroachment; the war ended with British victory, Metacom’s death, and weakened Indigenous power, accelerating colonial expansion.

What did the Navigation Acts (1660, 1663, 1673) do?

Regulated imperial trade by requiring English ships, routing colonial goods through Britain, and imposing duties on coastal trade; established the framework for enforcing British mercantilism in the colonies.

Why was Georgia founded and who led its founding?

Founded in 1732 by James Oglethorpe and trustees to serve as a military barrier against Spain and to provide a fresh start for debtors; Savannah established in 1733; initially regulated to limit slavery and strong governance, later liberalized.

What was the Spanish encomienda system in the California borderlands?

A Crown-sanctioned system forcing Indigenous peoples to work for Spanish colonists and pay tribute; aimed at organizing labor and resource extraction in far-flung missions and pueblos.

What was indentured servitude and what was its role in early English colonies?

A labor system where individuals (often poorer Europeans) contracted to work for a set number of years (typically 4-7) in exchange for passage to the colonies, food, shelter, and sometimes land or 'freedom dues' upon completion; it was a primary labor source before the widespread adoption of chattel slavery, particularly in the Chesapeake region.

What was the 'Great Migration' in the context of early English colonization?

From 1630 to 1640, approximately 20,000 Puritans migrated from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony and other parts of New England, seeking religious freedom and the opportunity to establish a 'godly society' separate from the Church of England's perceived corruption.

What were the three main types of English colonial governments in North America?

1. Royal Colonies: Directly governed by the Crown (e.g., Virginia after 1624, later most colonies). 2. Proprietary Colonies: Granted to an individual or group of proprietors by the Crown (e.g., Maryland, Pennsylvania, Carolinas initially). 3. Charter Colonies: Governed by chartered companies or a colonial government under a written charter (e.g., Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, Rhode Island initially).