DNA and RNA replication 10th grade bio(H)

DNA stands for

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What is the shape of DNA

double helix

Where is DNA found

in all organisms, in only the nucleus

Who founded the structure of DNA

Watson and Crick are credited, built on many scientists work

What is a gene

a part of DNA that codes for a protien

Protein element make up

CHONS

Nucleic Acids element make up

CHONP

What are Chargaff’s Rules

A always with T

G always with C

What is a monomer of DNA

nucleotide

What is a deoxyribose

it is the pentose sugar of DNA

What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

What has a double bond

A and T

What has a triple bond

C and G

What is a purine

2 rings, A and G

What is a pyrimidine

1 ring, T and C

What is a phosphodiester bond

a bond between 2 nucleotides

What is antiparallel

The two sides of DNA have directionality

Where are the hydrogen bonds

nitrogenous bases

What DNA has no histone proteins, is circular, has one chromosome, has plasmids, and one origin site

Prokaryotic DNA

What DNA has bound DNA to histones, is linear, 2 or more chromosomes, no plasmids, and has many origin sites

Eukaryotic DNA

How often does DNA replication happen in a cells life

only occurs one time

How is DNA built

5’ to 3’

How is DNA read

3’ to 5’

What do single stranded binding protiens do

hold open the DNA

What does helicase do

unzips DNA

What is the lagging strand in DNA

it is copied in fragments

What is DNA polymerase 1

profreads DNA, fixes the mistakes, removes the RNA primer and replaces DNA

What is DNA plymerase 3

addsa free nucleotides can only add to a strand but can not begin building

What is ligase

glues together nucleotides

What is RNA primer

it is added by primase

What is the leading strand

copied continuously

What is RNA

Ribonucleic acid

What is the shape of RNA

single helix

What is a ribosome

where proteins are made

What is gene expression

the appearance of a phenotype of a characteristic

What is the sugar of RNA

Ribose

How many main types of RNA are there

three main types

What is rRNA

ribosomal RNA, it makes up part of the ribosome

What is mRNA

messenger RNA, codes from nucleus in DNA to the ribosome

What is tRNA

transfer DNA, brings amino acids to the ribosome and put in correct order

What are the bases of RNA

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

Where is RNA located

in all organisms and in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm

What is transcription

DNA to mRNA

Where does transcription happen

in the nucleus

What is the central dogma

information flows from DNA to RNA to Protien

What are transcription factors

tells us where the gene is/where to start

What are the three steps to transcription

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

What is initiation

transcription factors tell RNA polymerase where to start

What is elongation

RNA polymerase adds free RNA nucleotides to make mRNA

What is termination

tells RNA plymerase to stop

What is the template strand/anti-sense strand

The strand of DNA being complementary to a new mRNA strand

What is the coding strand/sense strand

The strand of DNA being copied to new mRNA strand

What is RNA polymerase

it opens up DNA, adds free RNA nucleotides

What is RNA processing

eukaryotic cells edit/modify the mRNA beofre it leaves the nucleus

What is an intron

gets cut out/removed

What is an exon

stays/expressed

What is a spliceosome

cuts out parts of the mRNA, cuts out the introns

What is the methyl G cap and poly-a tail

protect mRNA from ribonucleases

What is a ribonuclease

enzymes that eat/breakdown RNA

What is the A in the ribosome

the arrival, where the mRNA arrives

What is the P in the ribosome

polypeptide, where the growing polypeptide chain forms

What is the in the ribosome

the exit, where the mRNA exits from the ribosome

What is a codon

a triplet of nitrogonous bases

What is a anti codon

a triplet of the opposite of nitrogonous bases

What is a polypeptide chain

primary structure of a protien, sequence of amino acids

How are amino acids held together

held together by a peptide bond

What is the sequence of events in RNA Transcription/translation

The DNA is split open and the template strand/anti-sense strand is built onto using RNA polymerase copying the coding/sense strand. Still in the nucleus, RNA processing begins, pre mRNA gets splicosomed and the introns are cut out and exons stay expressed. The poly-a tail and 5’ cap are put into place of the mature mRNA. mRNA goes out of a nuclear pore and into the cytoplasm. From the cytoplasm to the ribosome. The mRNA goes into the ribosome and gets placed into there with a tRNA. From A to P to E, the anti-codon gets put into place. Once a stop codon gets put into place, it becomes a polypeptide chain. It becomes folded into a functioning protien(4th level). It goes through the rough er, to a vesicle, to the golgi for packaging. After, it goes to a vesicle/vacuole and out of the cell using exocytosis secreting a protien.

What is a mutation

changes the DNA code, occurs in both mitosis and meiosis, can be nutral, harmful, or benifical, chromosomal mutations, point mutations

What is a silent mutation

new codon codes for same amino acid

What is a missense mutation

new codon codes for a different amino acid

What is a nonsense mutation

new codon codes for a stop

What is Inseration

adds a base

What are the base substitutions

missense mutation, nonsense mutation, and silent mutation

What is a frameshift mutation

cause the reading frame to shift and all amino acids after are different

What is a deletion

removes a base

What are the frame shift mutations

insertions and deletion

How many protien folding stages are

4 structures

What is the 1st structure of protien folding

sequence of amino acids, changes here can cause the protien to change

What is the 2nd structure of protien folding

hydrogen bonding between close amino acids

What is the 3rd structure of protien folding

whole molecule folding, interaction between R groups, changes here can cause the protien to change

What is the 4th structure of protien folding

multiple polypeptides together