biol 1208 final exam flash cards

enzyme

an organic catalyst that speeds up the rate of a reaction by decreasing the activation energy

substrate

a molecule that an enzyme interacts with

hypertonic solution

high solute concentration relative to another solution

stationary phase of paper chromotography

paper

what pipette would you use to deliver small drops of liquid?

a Pasteur or transfer pipette

as absorbance increases, what value increases?

concentration

MIX DRY

Manipulate the Independent variable on the X-axis, the Dependent variable Responds on the Y-axis

plasmid

small circular DNA separate from the bacteria’s genome

an experiment shows a p-value less than 0.05. when referring to the bar graph, the first two treatments had overlapping standard error bars, but the third treatment did not overlap the others. what does this mean?

the first two treatments are not significantly different from each other, but they are both significantly different from the third treatment

what type and size of pipette would you use to transfer 350uL of liquid?

a P1000 micropipette

serological pipette

pipette with graduations all the way to the tip

introduction

covers broad background information about the subject and narrows to the experiment

what type and size of pipette would you use to transfer 15uL of liquid?

a P100 micropipette

when looking at data, what is most important: individual data values or the trends?

trends

isotonic solution

equal solute concentration relative to another solution

true or false: when absorbance icreases, concentration decreases

false

cellular respiration

process that uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP and carbon dioxide

abstract

short preview of a paper. typically contains one to two sentences from each section of the paper

what gives DNA its charge?

its phosphate backbone

genotype

genetic material that confers physical traits

if an object is orange, what colors are being transmitted?

orange

what does a spectrometer physically measure?

absorbance values of a substance

Mohr pipette

type of pipette that does not have graduations to the tip

hypotonic solution

low solute concentration relative to another solution

what does it mean when the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05?

the null hypothesis can be rejected

if an object is blue, what colors are being transmitted?

blue

osmosis

net movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane

photosynthesis

process that uses carbon dioxide and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen

if an object is orange, what colors are being absorbed?

red, yellow, green, blue, and violet. (all but orange)

Beer-Lambert Law

states the absorbance of a solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing material in the solution

ANOVA

a statistical analysis tool that compares the means of three or more treatments. results in a p-value to determine if at least one treatment is significantly different

Pasteur pipette

a simple glass stem pipette with a rubber bulb fitted to one end. used to dispense small, non-precise drops of liquid

methods

part of report that covers the equipment used, experiment, and data analysis procedures

molecular (DNA) ladder

a molecular-weight size market that is a set of standards used to estimate the approximate size of another DNA fragment run on the same gel

absorbance

capacity of a substance to absorb light of a specific wavelength

what does it mean when the p-value is greater than 0.05?

the null hypothesis is failed to be rejected

gel electrophoresis

technique that separates DNA fragments by size and charge through a semifold agarose matrix

statistical analysis for an experiment showed a p-value of 0.03. what does that mean for the hypothesis and what is the next step

reject the null hypothesis. refer to the standard error bars in the bar graph which treatments are significantly different

an experiment shows a p-value less than 0.05. when then referring to the bar graph, none of the treatments had overlapping error bars. whar does this mean?

each treatment is significantly different from each other. great data!

what type and size of pipette would you use to transfer 2.5mL of liquid?

what value is generated from ANOVA?

p-value

fluorescence

the phenomenon where light cannot pass through a photosystem and is re-emitted

paper chromatography

technique for separating dissolved chemical substances by taking advantage of their polarities

what charge is DNA?

negative

where does photosynthesis occur?

inside chroroplasts

phenotype

observable physical expression of genetic material

discussion

discusses data, limitations of experiment, and broader impacts

dependent variable

responds to or is affected by the independent variable

as absorbance decreases, what value also decreases?

concentration

volumetric pipette

non-graduated pipette that is used to deliver one set of fixed volume. has a single calibration mark typically at the top of the bulb

after an experiment, data analysis shows a p-value of 0.06. what does this mean for the hypothesis and what is the next step?

results are not significantly different. no further statistical analysis is needed

referehces

list of citations used in the report

control

provides experimental baseline. used to compare results of the treatment

micropipette

instrument meant to deliver high precision of extremely small volumes

if an object is blue, what colors are being absorbed?

red, orange, yellow, green, and violet. (all but blue)

restriction enzyme

enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA

results

includes figures that visually represents data and key trends found

how does gel electrophoresis separate DNA fragments?

the negatively charged DNA moves through the gel towards the positive charge. larger fragments make more collisions with the agarose matrix and therefore moves more slowly. smaller fragments make smaller collisions, moving more quickly or further through the gel

how is concentration determined?

plugging the absorbance value (y) into the standard curve equation and solving for x

transformation

a process by which foreign genetic material is taken up by a cell

independent variable

influences or manipulates the dependent variable

diffusion

net movement of particles through a semipermeable membrane from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

solvent

mobile phase of paper chromatography

transmittance

object color. it’s the logarithmic inverse of absorbance. low absorbance = high transmittance

blank solution

contains everything besides what is being measured. calibrates the spectrometer to 0 ODU or 100% transmittance

prediction

states in what direction the researcher thinks the experiment will go. based on reasoning and includes citation