bio plant unit

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Biology

11th

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72 Terms

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Photosynthesis

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars.

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What is glucose

A carbohydrate. A carbohydrate is a molecule that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates are the main source of the chemical energy plants need for maintenance, growth, and development.

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Shoot System

The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers.

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Root system

All of a plant's roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store carbs (carrots and potatoes)

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Dermal Tissue (epidermis)

Forms the outer layer of a root, shoot, or leaf that covers and protects the plant. The waxy cuticle on plants.

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Vascular Tissue

Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body (connects shoot to root). Xylem and Phloem

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Xylem

Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant. (Dead at maturity)

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Phloem

Vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant (Living at maturity)

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Ground tissues

Plant tissue consisting of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

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Meristematic tissue

Plant tissue found only in the tips of shoots and roots; responsible for plant growth. Contain undivided meristematic cells that can form any specialized cell.

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Function of leaves

transpiration, storage, protection from herbivores, and photosynthesis

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Choloroplasts

Organelles involved in photosynthesis; contain chlorophyll, a light capturing pigment that gives plants their green color.

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Blade

flat part of the leaf

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Petiole

The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

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Venation

the arrangement of veins in a leaf

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Mesophyll

The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis.

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Palisade Mesophyll

Layer of tall, column-shaped mesophyll cells just under the upper epidermis of a leaf (clumped together)

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Spongy Mesophyll

Loose tissue beneath the palisade layer of a leaf; has many air spaces between its cells. These air spaces help with gas exchange

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stoma (plural, stomata)

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.

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Guard cells

The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.

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Taproots

Deep roots that have tiny hairs to absorb water and nutrients

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Fibrous root

Root system made up of many threadlike members of more or less equal length. Good at keeping plants in place and preventing soil erosion.

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Apical Meristem

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds (tips) of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.

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lateral meristems

Secondary growth that builds diameter, also known as vascular cambium. Creates secondary xylem and phloem

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Tree bark

the outside layer of the tree trunk made of dead xylem cells protecting the living sapwood layer

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Sapwood

Area in plants that surround heartwood and conducts water and dissolved minerals.

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cork cambium

Lateral meristematic tissue that produces the outer covering of stems. Protective layer that produces cork.

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Heartwood

Older xylem near the center of a woody stem that no longer conducts water

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Herbacous plants

Non-woody plants that bend easily and do not grow very tall

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Woody plants

Plants with hard, strong stems that can grow tall

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Vascular bundle

the arrangement of vascular tissue that consists of xylem and phloem

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Monocots

One cotyledon. The stem has vascular bundles arranged randomly

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Dicots

two cotyledons. The stem has vascular bundles arranged in a ring

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Root cap

A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem and produces a slippery substance that helps the root penetrate the soil.

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Adventitious Root

A root that develops from somewhere other than the root apical meristem that emerges from the seed

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Root Pressure

The upward push of xylem sap in the vascular tissue of roots.

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Capillary action

The tendency of a liquid to rise or fall because of attractive forces between the liquid molecules

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Transpiration

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant through the stoma

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Turgor pressure

The pressure that water in the central vacuole of a plant exerts against the cell wall

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Translocation

long-distance transport of substances through the phloem, particularly glucose

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Phloem Tubes

long tubes made up of living cells with perforated end walls, which transport starches and have cell sap

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Xylem tubes

Long hollow tubes supported by lignin

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Factors impact transpiration rate

air flow = more air, higher rate

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humidity = higher humidity, less rate

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temp = higher temp, higher rate (water move around more)

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light = more light, higher rate (photosynthesis, stomata open to let CO2 in)

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Sepal

A leaflike structure that encloses the bud of a flower and protects it

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Pedical

Stalk that supports the flower

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anther and filament

two parts of the stamen. Produces and stores pollen

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Stigma

sticky portion at the top of the style where pollen grains frequently land

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Style

The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.

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Ovary (flowers)

The bottom part of the carpel in a circle shape in which the female sex cells develop

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Pistil

female part of the flower (stigma, style, ovary)

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Receptacle

The base of a flower; the part of the stem that is the site of attachment of the floral organs.

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pollen tube

A tube that forms after germination of the pollen grain and that functions in the delivery of sperm to the ovule.

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Hormones

Chemicals with specialized functions. Produced in one location and the transported around.

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Auxins

Hormones involved in plant-cell elongation, shoot and bud growth, and rooting. Basically elongate cells in one part of the plant

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Gibberillins

Produced in meristem and chloroplasts. Work with auxins and also responsible for leaf growth and flowering, as well as germination

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Cytokinins

Promote cell divisions and differentiation. Produced in roots

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Phototropism

A growth response to light

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Gravitropism

A growth response to gravity

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Thigmotropism

A growth response to touch

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Hydrotropism

a plants growth response to water; plant grows towards the water

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Turgor Response

Caused by changes in turgor pressure

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Photoreceptors

a molecule that detects light; different photoreceptors detect different wavelengths of light

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Photoperiodism

A plant's response to seasonal changes in length of night and day

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Main role of Soil

it provides a medium in which plant roots can anchor, it retains water, in which nutrients are dissolved, and it provides the root with air.

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waxy cuticle

Forms a waterproof layer to stop water loss due to photosynthesis

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upper/lower epidermis

Transparent to allow light to pass to inside of leaf