bio plant unit

Photosynthesis

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars.

What is glucose

A carbohydrate. A carbohydrate is a molecule that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates are the main source of the chemical energy plants need for maintenance, growth, and development.

Shoot System

The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers.

Root system

All of a plant's roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store carbs (carrots and potatoes)

Dermal Tissue (epidermis)

Forms the outer layer of a root, shoot, or leaf that covers and protects the plant. The waxy cuticle on plants.

Vascular Tissue

Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body (connects shoot to root). Xylem and Phloem

Xylem

Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant. (Dead at maturity)

Phloem

Vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant (Living at maturity)

Ground tissues

Plant tissue consisting of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

Meristematic tissue

Plant tissue found only in the tips of shoots and roots; responsible for plant growth. Contain undivided meristematic cells that can form any specialized cell.

Function of leaves

transpiration, storage, protection from herbivores, and photosynthesis

Choloroplasts

Organelles involved in photosynthesis; contain chlorophyll, a light capturing pigment that gives plants their green color.

Blade

flat part of the leaf

Petiole

The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

Venation

the arrangement of veins in a leaf

Mesophyll

The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis.

Palisade Mesophyll

Layer of tall, column-shaped mesophyll cells just under the upper epidermis of a leaf (clumped together)

Spongy Mesophyll

Loose tissue beneath the palisade layer of a leaf; has many air spaces between its cells. These air spaces help with gas exchange

stoma (plural, stomata)

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.

Guard cells

The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.

Taproots

Deep roots that have tiny hairs to absorb water and nutrients

Fibrous root

Root system made up of many threadlike members of more or less equal length. Good at keeping plants in place and preventing soil erosion.

Apical Meristem

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds (tips) of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.

lateral meristems

Secondary growth that builds diameter, also known as vascular cambium. Creates secondary xylem and phloem

Tree bark

the outside layer of the tree trunk made of dead xylem cells protecting the living sapwood layer

Sapwood

Area in plants that surround heartwood and conducts water and dissolved minerals.

cork cambium

Lateral meristematic tissue that produces the outer covering of stems. Protective layer that produces cork.

Heartwood

Older xylem near the center of a woody stem that no longer conducts water

Herbacous plants

Non-woody plants that bend easily and do not grow very tall

Woody plants

Plants with hard, strong stems that can grow tall

Vascular bundle

the arrangement of vascular tissue that consists of xylem and phloem

Monocots

One cotyledon. The stem has vascular bundles arranged randomly

Dicots

two cotyledons. The stem has vascular bundles arranged in a ring

Root cap

A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem and produces a slippery substance that helps the root penetrate the soil.

Adventitious Root

A root that develops from somewhere other than the root apical meristem that emerges from the seed

Root Pressure

The upward push of xylem sap in the vascular tissue of roots.

Capillary action

The tendency of a liquid to rise or fall because of attractive forces between the liquid molecules

Transpiration

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant through the stoma

Turgor pressure

The pressure that water in the central vacuole of a plant exerts against the cell wall

Translocation

long-distance transport of substances through the phloem, particularly glucose

Phloem Tubes

long tubes made up of living cells with perforated end walls, which transport starches and have cell sap

Xylem tubes

Long hollow tubes supported by lignin

Factors impact transpiration rate

air flow = more air, higher rate

humidity = higher humidity, less rate

temp = higher temp, higher rate (water move around more)

light = more light, higher rate (photosynthesis, stomata open to let CO2 in)

Sepal

A leaflike structure that encloses the bud of a flower and protects it

Pedical

Stalk that supports the flower

anther and filament

two parts of the stamen. Produces and stores pollen

Stigma

sticky portion at the top of the style where pollen grains frequently land

Style

The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.

Ovary (flowers)

The bottom part of the carpel in a circle shape in which the female sex cells develop

Pistil

female part of the flower (stigma, style, ovary)

Receptacle

The base of a flower; the part of the stem that is the site of attachment of the floral organs.

pollen tube

A tube that forms after germination of the pollen grain and that functions in the delivery of sperm to the ovule.

Hormones

Chemicals with specialized functions. Produced in one location and the transported around.

Auxins

Hormones involved in plant-cell elongation, shoot and bud growth, and rooting. Basically elongate cells in one part of the plant

Gibberillins

Produced in meristem and chloroplasts. Work with auxins and also responsible for leaf growth and flowering, as well as germination

Cytokinins

Promote cell divisions and differentiation. Produced in roots

Phototropism

A growth response to light

Gravitropism

A growth response to gravity

Thigmotropism

A growth response to touch

Hydrotropism

a plants growth response to water; plant grows towards the water

Turgor Response

Caused by changes in turgor pressure

Photoreceptors

a molecule that detects light; different photoreceptors detect different wavelengths of light

Photoperiodism

A plant's response to seasonal changes in length of night and day

Main role of Soil

it provides a medium in which plant roots can anchor, it retains water, in which nutrients are dissolved, and it provides the root with air.

waxy cuticle

Forms a waterproof layer to stop water loss due to photosynthesis

upper/lower epidermis

Transparent to allow light to pass to inside of leaf