Princeton Study Guide Pg. 267-276

Ku Klux Klan

Most prominently, the what grew to more than 5 million members and widened its targets, attacking Black and Jewish people, urbanites, and anyone whose behavior deviated from the Klan's narrowly defined code of acceptable Christian behavior.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Accusations that America's newcomers were dangerous subversives intensified when two Italian immigrant anarchists, who and who, were arrested on charges of murder. (Their trial immediately became a cause célèbre for the political left, as the evidence against them was inconclusive. Nonetheless, they were convicted and executed.)

Emergency Quota Act

At the start of the decade, the United States started setting limits and quotas to restrict immigration. The what set immigration quotas based on national origins and discriminated against the "new immigrants" who came from Southern and Eastern Europe.

xenophobia

The Emergency Quota Act set immigration quotas based on national origins and discriminated against the "new immigrants" who came from Southern and Eastern Europe. These limits, which many consider the product of what, were set to reduce "foreign influence" on the country.

John Thomas Scopes, Scopes Monkey Trial, Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan

Another famous trial also illustrated the societal tensions of the decade. In 1925, Tennessee passed a law forbidding teachers to teach the theory of evolution. Who broke that law, and his trial (dubbed the what trial) drew national attention, due in part to the two prominent attorneys arguing the case-who and who, who, you may recall, ran for president in 1896, 1900, and 1908.

Prohibition

Nineteenth-century morals played a part in the institution of what, which banned the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages.

Eighteenth Amendment

The Prohibition movement had its roots in the reform campaigns of the 1830s and remained a main- stay of women's political agendas until, on the eve of women's enfranchisement (1917), the what outlawed the American liquor industry.

Gangster Era

Prohibition was further weakened by the effectiveness of organized crime in producing and selling liquor, especially in the cities. Open warfare between competing gangs and between criminals and law enforcement earned this period the title of the what, which inspired many movies and television series. Prohibition was repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment in 1933.

Emergency Immigration Act of 1921, Immigration Restriction Act of 1921

The Emergency Quota Act is also commonly known as the what and what, and later as the Immigration Act of 1924 when the quota was reduced to 2% of a countries representation

Herbert Hoover

In 1928, the Republicans nominated who. Like Coolidge, Hoover was able to parlay a strong economy into an easy victory. During his campaign, Hoover predicted that the day would soon come when no American would live in poverty. He turned out to be very wrong

Great Depression

In October 1929, the bottom fell out of the stock market, and this was one of the reasons for the what, but not the main reason. Prices dropped, and no matter how far they dropped, nobody wanted to buy.

10, 20

Hoover reassured the public that only stock traders would be hurt because of their irresponsible up to only what or what percent of the cost of each stock, allowing them to borrow against future profits that might or might not materialize.

Margin buying

What is a destabilizing practice that was made illegal soon after the crash.

Hooverville’s

People lost their life savings as thousands of banks failed, and many lost their homes when they could not keep up with mortgage payments. The homeless built shantytowns, which were sarcastically called what.

dust bowl

Furthermore, a prolonged drought afflicted the Great Plains area of the Midwest, turning the region into a giant what. The situation encouraged agrarian unrest; farmers fought evictions and foreclosures by attacking those who tried to enforce them.

Farmers' Holiday Association

Farmers also conspired to keep prices at farm auctions low and then returned the auctioned property to its original owners. In addition, they formed the what, which organized demonstrations and threatened a nationwide walkout by farmers in order to raise prices.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Hoover hoped that raising tariffs would help American business, but the what actually worsened the economy. It was the highest protective tariff in U.S. history, and it was enacted during one of the worst economic depressions ever.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

The Hawley-Smoot Tariff was the highest protective tariff in U.S. history, and it was enacted during one of the worst economic depressions ever. After that, Hoover had Congress create the what. This provided government money to bail out large companies and banks, but only ones big enough to potentially pay the money back later on.

Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF)

Tens of thousands of impoverished veterans and their families, calling themselves the what, came to Washington to lobby for the bill.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

His opponent, New York Governor who, argued for a more interventionist government. Roosevelt also promised relief payments to the unemployed, which Hoover had opposed throughout his term. Roosevelt won the election easily.

New Deal

Both a powerful presidency and the people's confidence in Roosevelt played a large part in the implementation of his sweeping reforms, called the what.

First Hundred Days, First New Deal

Early in 1933, Roosevelt summoned an emergency session of Congress to work out the details of his recovery plan. The period that followed is often called the what because (1) that's how long it lasted, and (2) it was during this time that the government implemented most of the major programs associated with the what. (The Second New Deal began two years later.)

Emergency Banking Relief Bill

Roosevelt first sought to reestablish America's confidence in its banking system. The what put poorly managed banks under the control of the Treasury Department and granted government licenses (which functioned as seals of approval) to those that were solvent.

fireside chats

In the first of many what broadcast over the radio, Roosevelt reassured the public that the banks were once again secure. More than 60 million Americans listened, and they obviously took Roosevelt at his word. The following week, millions redeposited the savings they had withdrawn during the bank failures of the previous years.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Later during the first hundred days, the government passed the Banking Act of 1933, which created the what to guarantee bank deposits, which was a big deal since people used to lose all of the money in their accounts if a bank went bankrupt.

Agricultural Adjustment Act, alphabet agencies

They hoped that by growing more they could make up for falling produce prices, but their efforts were futile; the more they produced, the further prices fell, just as they had in the 1800s during the time of the Populists. Roosevelt's solution was the what, referred to as the AAA. (So many of Roosevelt's new agencies were referred to by their acronyms that the entire group became known as the what.) The AAA provided payments to farmers in return for their agreement to cut production by up to one-half; the money to cover this program came from increased taxes on meat packers, millers, and other food processors.

Farm Credit Act

Congress passed the what, which provided loans to those farmers in danger of foreclosure.

John Maynard Keynes

Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression was guided by the work of the economist who.

deficit spending, multiplier effect

Keynes contended that depressions are the result of a vicious cycle in which people see that the economy is bad, so they fear that money will be hard to come by, so they don't spend the money they have, so businesses fail, so the economy worsens, so people fear that money will be hard to come by, and so on. The solution, Keynes argued, was for the government to step in and embark on a program of deliberate what, as the what would ensure that every dollar spent would do several dollars' worth of good in reviving the economy.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

Several other New Deal programs established government control over industry. The what consolidated businesses and coordinated their activities with the aim of eliminating overproduction and, by doing so, stabilizing prices.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

The NIRA also established the what, which set aside $3 billion to create jobs building roads, sewers, public housing units, and other civic necessities.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

 the what provided grants to the states to manage their own PWA-like projects.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

 In one of the New Deal's most daring moves, the government took over the what. Under government control, it (which provided energy to the Tennessee Valley region) expanded its operations greatly, which led to the economic recovery of the region.

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Most of the programs that made up the First New Deal were in place, although others, such as the creation of both the what (NLRB)-which mediated labor disputes and the what (SEC)-which regulated the stock market were not implemented until 1934.

Conservatives

Who opposed the higher tax rates that the New Deal brought; they also disliked the increase in government power over business, and they complained that relief programs removed the incentive for the poor to lift themselves out of poverty.

Leftists, Huey Long

Additionally, the government had to borrow to finance all of its programs, and its deficit spending was also anathema to conservatives. Who, such as who, complained that the AAA policy of paying farmers not to grow was immoral, given that many Americans were still too poor to feed themselves.

Socialists, Communist Party of America

The despair caused by the Depression provided fodder for a more radical left, and the what(and, to a lesser extent, the what) were gaining popularity by calling for the nationalization (that is, a takeover by the government) of businesses.

Schechter Poultry Corp. v. The United States

What case invalidated sections of the NIRA on the grounds that the codes created under this agency were unconstitutional.

court-packing scheme

The following year, the Supreme Court struck down the AAA in United States v. Butler. In 1937, Roosevelt responded by attempting to "pack the court" with justices who sup- ported his policies. The size of the Supreme Court had changed a few times since its creation, but Roosevelt's attempt to increase the size of the court from 9 justices to 15, giving him the power to pick justices whose views he liked, was too much for most Democrats, let alone Republicans. As a result, this what was rejected by Congress.

Second New Deal, Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Roosevelt then continued with a package of legislation called the what. First, he established the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act, which created the what (WPA), whose name was later changed to the Works Project Administration. The WPA generated more than 8 million jobs, all paid for by the government. Along with public works projects, such as construction, the WPA also employed writers, photographers, and other artists to create travel guides and to record local and personal histories.

Second Hundred Days

The summer of 1935 is often called Roosevelt's what because the amount and importance of legislation passed then is comparable to that of the First Hundred Days.

Social Security Administration

During this period, Congress passed legislation that broadened the powers of the NLRB, democratized unions, and punished businesses with anti-union policies. During this time, Congress also created the what to provide retirement benefits for many workers, including people with disabilities and families whose main breadwinner had died.

New Deal coalition

Furthermore, the government increased taxes on wealthy individuals and top-end business profits. The cumulative effect of these programs led to the creation of the what, made up of union members, urbanites, the underclass, and Black people (who had previously voted Republican, out of loyalty to the party of Lincoln). This new Democratic coalition swept Roosevelt back into office with a landslide victory in 1936 and held together until the election of Reagan in 1980.

Judicial Reorganization bill

Angry that the Supreme Court had overturned much of the First New Deal and worried that the same fate awaited the Second New Deal, Roosevelt drafted a what. The bill proposed that Roosevelt be allowed to name a new federal judge for every sitting judge who had reached the age of 70 and had not retired; if passed, it would have allowed Roosevelt to add six new Supreme Court justices and more than 40 other federal judges.

packing the courts

A not-so-subtle effort at what with judges more sympathetic to Roosevelt's policies, the bill was soundly defeated in the Democratic Congress, and Roosevelt came under intense criticism for trying to seize too much power.

recession

In 1937, the economy went into a what, a period of continually decreasing output. The cause was twofold: Roosevelt, satisfied that the New Deal was doing its job, cut back government programs in an effort to balance the budget.

Fair Labor Standards Act

The administration succeeded in passing a second Agricultural Adjustment Act that met the standards set by the Supreme Court's rejection of the first AAA; it also secured the what, which set a minimum wage and established the 40-hour workweek for a number of professions.

isolationism

In the decade that followed World War I, American foreign policy objectives were aimed primarily at promoting and maintaining peace and have been described as "independent inter- nationalism" rather than "what."

Washington Conference

The what (1921-1922) gathered eight of the world's great powers; the resulting treaty set limits on stockpiling armaments and reaffirmed the Open Door Policy toward China.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

 In 1928, a total of 62 nations signed the what, which condemned war as a means of foreign policy. Although it contained no enforcement clauses, it was widely considered a good first step toward a postwar age.

Good Neighbor Policy

In Latin America, the United States tried to back away from its previous interventionist policy and replace it with the what in 1934. The name, however, is misleading; the United States continued to actively promote its interests in Latin America, often to the detriment of those who lived there.

protectionism

Throughout the Republican administrations of the 1920s, the U.S. government kept tariffs high; this policy is called what

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

Early in Franklin Roosevelt's presidency, the government devised a method of using economic leverage as a foreign policy tool. The what allowed the president to reduce tariffs if he felt doing so would achieve foreign policy goals

most favored nation (MFN) trade status

Countries granted what were eligible for the lowest tariff rate set by the United States, if they played their cards right. MFN trade status remains a foreign policy tool today.

Nye Commission

Disenchantment with the results of World War I fed isolationist sentiment, a stance amplified by the findings of the what. Led by Senator Gerald Nye, the commission's report in 1936 revealed unwholesome activities by American arms manufacturers: many had lobbied intensely for entry into World War I, others had bribed foreign officials, and still others were currently supplying fascist governments with weapons.

neutrality acts

Congress responded by passing a series of what. The first of the act (1935) prohibited the sale of arms to either belligerent in a war. (Roosevelt sidestepped this act in the 1937 sale of arms to China by simply refusing to acknowledge that China and Japan were at war.) The second of the act banned loans to belligerents.

Island-hopping

"what," also known as "leapfrogging," was a military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War during World War II. Instead of attacking more obvious mainland targets first, this strategy sought to target Pacific islands that were not well defended but were later capable of providing access to the main islands of Japan.

Lend-Lease Act

It became increasingly difficult to describe U.S. foreign policy as isolationist by the 1940s. In 1941, Roosevelt forced the what through Congress, which permitted the United States to "lend" armaments to England, which no longer had money to buy the tools of war.

Atlantic Charter Conference

Later in the year, Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met at the what. The Atlantic Charter declared the Allies' war aims, which included disarmament, self-determination, freedom of the seas, and guarantees of each nation's security.

Tripartite Pact

Given all this activity in the European theater, it seems odd that America's entry to the war came not in Europe but in Asia. Japan entered into an alliance (called the what) with Italy and Germany in 1940.

Henry Stimson

Secretary of War who encouraged Roosevelt to wait for the Japanese attack in order to guarantee popular support for the war at home. He did not have to wait long.

Pearl Harbor

The Japanese attacked where, Hawaii, on December 7, and U.S. participation in the war began.

 Manhattan Project of 1942

The what was a concentrated research and first atomic development effort to develop the bombs.

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

 Based in Los Alamos, New Mexico, a team of more than 100,000 scientists and technicians created and tested nuclear bombs on the Pacific island of Bikini. Despite tight security measures, Soviet spies infiltrated the program, the most famous being who and who.

World War II

Complicated military strategy and the outcomes of key battles played a big part in what.

Allies

It was no secret that the Grand Alliance between the Soviet Union and the West was tenuous at best, held together by the thread of a common enemy but threatened by Stalin's impatience at the what delay in opening a "second front" while the Soviets bore the brunt of the Nazi onslaught.

D-Day

The first meeting of the "big three" (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) took place in the Iranian capital of Tehran in November of 1943. It was here that they planned the Normandy invasion, what, and agreed to divide a defeated Germany into occupation zones after the war.

Axis

The Allies eventually won a war of attrition against the Germans, and the Americans accelerated victory in the East by dropping two atomic bombs on Japan, thus defeating the what powers.

D-Day

What occurred on June 6, 1944, and was the largest amphibious landing of all time.

Rationing

The War Production Board allowed the government to oversee the mobilization of industry toward the war effort; in return, businesses were guaranteed generous profits. What of almost all consumer goods was imposed.

radar, sonar

 Rationing of almost all consumer goods was imposed. The government sponsored scientific research directed at improving weaponry, developing what, what, and the atomic bomb during this period.

Labor Disputes Act of 1943

 The what (passed in reaction to a disconcerting number of strikes in essential industries) allowed government takeover of businesses deemed necessary to national security, which gave the government authority to settle labor disputes.

Hollywood

What was enlisted to create numerous propaganda films, both to encourage support on the home front and to boost morale of the troops overseas.

Selective Training and Service Act of 1940

FDR signed the what, which created the first peace- time draft in U.S. history and gave birth to the current incarnation of the Selective Service System, which ultimately provided about 10 million soldiers toward the war effort.

 internment of Japanese Americans

Again, as during World War I, the government restricted civil liberties. Probably the most tragic instance was the what from 1942 to the end of the war. Fearful that the Japanese might serve as enemy agents within U.S. borders, the government imprisoned more than 110,000 Asian Americans, over two-thirds of whom had been born in the United States and thus were U.S. citizens.

Yalta

As the war neared its end in Europe, the apparent victors—the Allies-met to discuss the fate of postwar Europe. In February of 1945, the Allied leaders met at where and in effect redrew the world map. By this time the Soviet army occupied parts of Eastern Europe, a result of the campaign to drive the German army out of the USSR.

satellites, Iron Curtain

Because of the presence of the Red Army, Stalin was given a free hand in Eastern Europe, a decision the other Allies would later regret, with the promise to hold "free and unfettered elections" after the war. Despite this promise, Soviet tanks rolled into Romania three weeks after Yalta, thus beginning the establishment of Soviet what and the descent of the what.

Potsdam Conference, Potsdam Declaration

While at the what, the Allies created the what, which established The terms for the surrender of Japan, and which included the removal of the emperor from power.

United Nations

Toward the end of the war, the Allies agreed to help create the what to mediate future international disputes.

Potsdam

The Allies met again at where to decide how to implement the agreements of Yalta.

Harry S. Truman

The Allies met again at Potsdam to decide how to implement the agreements of Yalta. This time, who represented the United States, as Roosevelt had died in April.

atomic bomb

Some argue that American-Soviet animosity prompted Truman's decision to use the what against the Japanese

Hiroshima, Nagasaki

 In August, the United States dropped two atomic bombs, first on where and then three days later on where. The Japanese surrendered soon after.

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of both the evacuation and internment of Japanese Americans.