History Post civil war reconstruction

Reconstruction issues (3)

rebuilding the South, integrating freed slaves, deciding how Southern states rejoined

10 percent plan

Lincoln’s easy plan: 10% loyalty oath + accept emancipation

Radical Republicans

Congress members who wanted strict punishment for the South and full rights for freed slaves

Freedman’s Bureau

Agency that helped freed slaves with food, jobs, and schools

Andrew Johnson: views and trial

Southern leaning president against Black rights; impeached but not removed

Black codes

Southern laws restricting African American freedom

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Gave African Americans citizenship and equal protection

13th Amendment

Ended slavery

14th Amendment

Gave citizenship and equal protection to all born in the U.S.

15th Amendment

Gave Black men the right to vote

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

Divided South into military districts to enforce Reconstruction

U.S. Grant

Union general and president who supported Reconstruction but had corruption in his administration

15th Amendment: Grant and loopholes

Grant enforced voting rights; states used tests, taxes, and threats to get around it

African American congressmen

Black men elected to Congress during Reconstruction

Republican Party dominance—why?

Freedmen voted Republican; military support; Democrats weakened after war

Scalawags

White Southerners who supported Reconstruction

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved South for business or politics

Schools-segregation vs integration

Most schools were segregated; few integrated attempts

Political corruption

Bribery and misuse of government funds in both North and South

Land distribution

Attempts to give freed slaves land failed; land stayed with white owners

Sharecropping: share tenancy

Farming for a share of the crops; often kept people in debt

KKK

Violent group terrorizing African Americans and Republicans

Grant: corrupt administration

Many of Grant’s appointees involved in scandals

U.S. vs Cruikshank

Limited federal ability to stop violence against African Americans

Election of 1876

Disputed election that led to the end of Reconstruction

Compromise of 1877 (3 parts)

Removed troops from South; gave South improvements; appointed a Southern Democrat

Reconstruction: success or failure?

Short term success for rights; long-term failure as rights were lost

Reconstruction effects

Temporary rights and education gains; long-term segregation and inequality

Jim Crow laws

Laws enforcing segregation in the South

Plessy vs Ferguson 1896

Allowed “separate but equal” segregation

W.E.B. Du Bois

Civil rights leader who demanded immediate equality and helped found the NAACP