RT WORK (Exam 3)

def of Work

• product of a force exerted(apply) on an object and the distance the object moves in the direction of the force

• the magnitude(size) of the work:
  W= F x d

• W= work

• F= force

• distance

• If F or d=0, W = 0

• Work breathe is working to breath

• To work u have to apply force(force means to push something)(pushing air)

Ex: teacher pick up table (no work ) and pushes the table (putting in work)

• Gram said when it comes to gases small densities the smaller they are the faster they defuse

• (defuse means i move but i have to join) (small can fit into more spaces then larger)

• Kinetic energy movement

• Density lighter will defuse faster

• Healer density will defuse slower

• What relationship for these density (inverse)

what did daltons predict

partial pressure and high to low

True or false kinetic energy or potential energy which is part of gravity

(answer: potential energy) 

What is energy?

Energy is an object’s ability to do work.

What is work? -for energy

Work is the transfer of energy by mechanical means.

How does the amount of energy an object has affect its ability to do work?

The more energy an object has, the greater its ability to do work.

What are the types of energy?

kinetic energy, potential energy,

What is the formula for calculating work?

Work = Force × Distance

When are you not doing work?

If the direction of the force is perpendicular (90 degree) to the direction of the motion, no work is done)

Another ex: Walking back and forward (work) (moving cup up and down (no work)

• Work and power is not the same

Power is

how fast power work (objects ability to do work)

Kinetic energy is

energy of motions

Potential  energy is

(stored energy (more stored energy the faster it can move

O2 is much lighter than co2(they defuse same speed)

exam will cover these PPTs

Work, Energy, Chemical Laws, Density, Fluid Dynamics, and Mechanics of Ventilation.

When are you not doing work?

If the direction of the force is perpendicular (90 degree) to the direction of the motion, no work is done)

Example: A car driving around a circular track.

How much work was performed on a running track one person strike the lap and the other person walk the lap (

(neither bc same work but the sprinker is more power)

Potential  energy

(amount of stored energy not moving energy (more stored energy the faster it can move

diffuse mean

 i move but i have to join

(small can fit into more spaces then larger)

Diffuse means to spread or scatter something (like a gas or liquid) from a high concentration to a low concentration.

For example, oxygen moves from the air (high concentration) into the blood (low concentration) through diffusion.

Perpendicular no work mean

mean that two things are at a 90-degree angle but don't have any effect or influence on each other’s function or motion.

Kinetic energy is

energy of motion

potential energy basically is

•  the amount of store energy not moving

• More store energy the more faster

Kinetic energy is

movement

Potential energy is

store

• According to physics larger the mass the higher the speed (higher potential speed

• Mass is how much matter an object has.

• A bigger mass is harder to move because it has more matter in it.

• A smaller mass is lighter and easier to move.

ex:the mass of an apple is the same whether it's on Earth or in outer space.

• Potential energy is stored(potential energy has the big g will be a t or f question on test)

Atm becomes pAo2

T or f which gas co2 or o2 move across acm faster (o2 is ten times faster according to dalton)

extra details of info:

The term "ACM" in this context likely refers to the Alveolar-Capillary Membrane, which is the barrier between the alveoli (air sacs in the lungs) and the capillaries where gas exchange occurs. Now, regarding your true or false statement:

True. Oxygen (O2) moves across the Alveolar-Capillary Membrane about ten times faster than carbon dioxide (CO2), as explained by Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures. This law states that gases move from areas of high partial pressure to areas of low partial pressure, and due to its higher diffusion rate, oxygen crosses this membrane much faster than carbon dioxide.

slide 4 must know info

Newton’s second law of motion says that force (F) is equal to mass (m) times acceleration (a).

• F is the force acting on an object in the direction it’s moving.

• m is the object's mass (how heavy it is).

• a is acceleration (how fast the velocity is changing).

Velocity is the speed of something in a specific direction.

slide 3 must know

Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because it's moving. The faster it moves and the heavier it is, the more energy it has. The formula to calculate it is:

KE = ½ mv²

• m is the object's mass (how heavy it is)

• v is the object's speed

So, the bigger the mass or the faster it moves, the more kinetic energy it has. It’s measured in units like joules.

F

force (in direction of acceleration)

m

mass

a

acceleration (rate of change in velocity)

Velocity

is the speed of an object in a specific direction. It tells you how fast something is moving and where it’s going.

Mass def

how much matter an object has

• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

• A bigger mass is harder to move because it has more matter in it. A smaller mass is lighter and easier to move.

Mass

• Amount of matter in an object.

• Always stays the same.

Weight

• Force due to gravity on an object.

• Changes based on location in relation to Earth.

What the density of O2

32 g/22.4 L=1.43 g/L

what does dalton deals with

• high to low

• partial pressure

what does graham with

density

• Higher density = slower movement (molecules packed tightly).

• Lower density = faster movement (molecules more spread out).

• if density goes up then it is slow

• if density goes down then it is slow.

• both diffuse

• If density goes up, the substance (like a gas or liquid) becomes denser and typically moves slower because the molecules are packed more tightly together, making it harder to flow or diffuse.

• If density goes down, the substance becomes less dense, and molecules have more space to move, so it tends to move faster.

what does henry deals with

liquids or tissue

solubility coeffinent (direct)

• The solubility coefficient is a number that tells you how much of a gas can dissolve in a liquid at a given temperature and pressure.

  • example

  • Oxygen (O2) has a higher solubility coefficient in blood than carbon dioxide (CO2). This means oxygen dissolves more easily in blood than carbon dioxide does, given the same conditions of pressure and temperature.

what is D of O2

1.43 g/L

what is D of air

1.29 g/L

why paco2 (40) and pao2 is 100)

• Inhalation: Oxygen (O₂) enters alveoli, increasing PAO2 to around 100 mmHg.

• Gas Exchange:

  • O₂ diffuses from alveoli (PAO2) into blood, raising PaO2 to 100 mmHg.

  • CO₂ diffuses from blood (PaCO2) into alveoli (PACO2) for exhalation.

• Exhalation: CO₂ is exhaled, maintaining PaCO2 around 40 mmHg in healthy individuals.

• CO₂ Regulation: PaCO2 typically stays between 35-45 mmHg;

solubility coefficient

is a specific value that tells you how much of a gas will dissolve in a liquid under standard conditions, given a certain pressure and temperature.

Describe how atm becomes PAO2 )(DALTONS LAWS)

• Atmospheric Oxygen (ATM) has a partial pressure of about 160 mmHg at sea level.

• As air enters the lungs, it mixes with exhaled air and water vapor in the alveoli, lowering the oxygen concentration.

• PAO2 (alveolar partial pressure of oxygen) is around 100 mmHg due to this mixing and dilution.

• Dalton's Law: Gases move from higher partial pressure (ATM) to lower partial pressure (PAO2) due to diffusion.

• This movement occurs because oxygen diffuses from the higher pressure in the atmosphere to the lower pressure in the alveoli.

Perpendicular no work

Power?

has to do with how fast u perform work

Gravity how does gravity to a specific gravity of mixture

(3 gases co2 o2, and nitrogen 3 gases in the mixture)

WHATS THE DENSITY OF AIR (ATM)

1.29 G/L

N COMES BEFORE O2 ON A PERIOD TABLE THATS WHY N IS HIGHER O2 IS AT THE BOTTOM

Kinetic energy you can manipulate but you cant manipulate potential energy why short and simple

• Kinetic energy is energy of motion, so you can control or change it by speeding up or slowing down an object.

  Potential energy is stored energy, like a ball at the top of a hill. You can't directly change it unless you change the position or state of the object (like lifting it higher).

• Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, so you can manipulate it by changing the speed or direction of an object.

• Potential energy is stored energy based on an object's position or state (like height or elasticity), and you can't directly manipulate it unless you change the position or configuration of the object.

Cross-sectional area (what happens as you branch off)cross-sectional area gets larger)

MUST KNOW FOR T OR F (flow rate and cross-sectional arae are inversely related)

Must know (gas velocity increases as tube decreases diameter and decreases as tube increases diameter

• As the diameter of a tube decreases, gas molecules move faster (higher velocity).

• As the diameter of a tube increases, gas molecules move slower (lower velocity).

• This happens because a smaller tube means less space for molecules to travel, increasing their speed.

O2 and co2 is heavier than atm and n is at the top(define that specific gravity )GRAHAM DISSCOVER THAT)

Henry agree ur concepts is correct for both dalton and graham but he discover liquid or tissue (so solids not gases) (in this environment you considered s.c ) (it is direct) (solubility coefficient increase and the diffusion rate will speed up so its direct)

If we focus on daltons, Which two gas exchange perform gas exchange that you need?

(A: carbon doixde and oxygen)(each one of these laws can predict the diffuse rate of the gas) according to dalton which gas predict quicker which is h to l and higher partial pressure (it would be o2)

• Gas diffuses from high to low partial pressure because molecules move to balance out concentrations.

• Oxygen diffuses faster because it’s lighter than carbon dioxide.

Gravity can't impact mass but can impact weight

Ex: if u go moon (gravity is less) hardly any gravity (you would weight less but u did not shrink bc gravity does impact mass but it impact weight)

how to calculate density

IN ORDER TO CALACULATE DENSITY OF A GAS (ONE MOLE OF ATM IS 22.4) (IF HE GIVE U DENSITY OF GAS U WILL DIVIDED BY 22.4)

• O2 and co2 is heavier than atm and n is at the top(define that specific gravity )GRAHAM DISCOVERED THAT)

Velocity: Numerator (Increases Turbulent Flow)

• Velocity: Faster = More turbulence, Slower = More laminar(think of airplane)

• Density: Higher density = More turbulence, Lower density = More laminar

• Diameter: Bigger diameter = More turbulence, Smaller diameter = More laminar

Viscosity: (Decreases Turbulent Flow)

• Viscosity: Higher viscosity = Less turbulence, Lower viscosity = More turbulence

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.

• Higher viscosity = The fluid is thicker (like honey). It moves more slowly and smoothly, creating less turbulence because it resists changes in flow.

• Lower viscosity = The fluid is thinner (like water). It moves more easily and quickly, creating more turbulence because it flows more freely and can change direction quickly.

Velocity

• How quickly the fluid moves.

Diameter

How wide the pipe or opening is.

Laminar Flow:

Smooth, orderly fluid movement.

Turbulent Flow

Chaotic, irregular fluid movement.

Chaotic, irregular fluid movement.

The faster something moves, the more chaotic (turbulent) it gets. Slow it down, and it’s smoother (laminar).

Density

If the fluid is thicker, it resists flow and stays smoother. If it’s thinner, it flows more chaotically.

• In simple terms, density tells you how much "stuff" (mass) is packed into a certain amount of space (volume).

Diameter:

Bigger pipes let more chaos in. Smaller pipes keep things smoother.

Viscosity:

The thicker (more viscous) the fluid, the smoother it flows. Thin liquids create more turbulence.

• Poiseuille’s Law says that when the diameter of a tube (like an airway) is reduced, the resistance (R) to flow increases.

• If the lumen (airway) size decreases by 50%, the resistance (R) increases by 16 times!

What type of resistance u feel the most?

airway R resistance

Q: When u breath normal do u have lamina or turbulent

During normal breathing it would be both

Can you change energy in a closed circuit?

no 

Gas velocity increases as tube decreases diameter and decreases as tube increases diameter

The gas moves faster when the tube (airway) gets narrower and moves slower when the tube gets wider.

Density

is the amount of mass in a given volume of a substance.

• It tells us how tightly packed the molecules are in a substance. For example, oil is less dense than water, which is why oil floats on water.

(D of atm)

1.29 density of air

Walking from downstairs to upstairs while holding weight? • Is the force going in the direction of the motion? • W = Wt (weight of object) x h (height)

• Work is done when you lift something.

• The force (weight) is applied in the same direction as the motion (going up).

• Work equation: W = Wt x h:

  • Wt = weight of the object

  • h = height moved

  • W = work done

Key point: The heavier the object and the higher you lift it, the more work is required.

is work always done when u lift or no

Work is only done when there is movement in the direction of the applied force.

• If you lift an object but don’t move it (like holding it still), no work is done.

• If you lift it and move it upward (e.g., up stairs), then work is done.

So, work is only done when you apply force and cause movement in that direction.

• if you lift an object above your head and it moves in the direction of the applied force, then work is done.

whats the differences betweeen w= f x d and w= wt x h

• W = F × d applies to general movement (force applied over distance).

• W = Wt × h is specific to lifting an object (weight × height).

if a force is exerted at some angle to the motion. what two force components is involved

• horizontal component. W>1

• vertical component. W=0

whats the diff between work and power

• Work is the total amount of energy used.

• Power is how fast that work is done over time.

• Power (P): Rate of doing work.

  • Measured in kilowatts or horsepower.

  • 1 horsepower = 550 foot-pounds of work per second.

• Work to lift books:

  • The total work is the same whether it takes 5 seconds or 5 minutes.

  • The work is the same whether you carry books separately or together.

Key takeaway: Power is about speed, but total work stays the same

Key takeaway: The total work doesn’t change based on time, but power changes depending on how fast the work is done. The faster you do the work, the more power you use.

Velocity

Velocity is the speed of an object in a specific direction.

Potential Energy  Energy of an object resulting from position or configuration  Sum of work performed on that object against gravity or other elastic forces

• It’s energy stored in an object because of where it is or how it’s shaped.

• For example, a book on a shelf has potential energy because of its position (it can fall).

• Rubber bands have potential energy when stretched because of their shape.

Key idea: Potential energy is stored energy that can be released when the object moves or changes.

• Kinetic Energy (KE) is the energy an object has because it’s moving.

• It depends on:

  • Mass (m): The heavier the object, the more kinetic energy.

  • Velocity (v): The faster the object moves, the more kinetic energy.

• Formula: KE = ½ mv²

• Measured in Joules, ergs, or foot-pounds.

Key takeaway: More mass and more speed = more kinetic energy. It’s the energy from motion.

Torr

is a unit of pressure. It is defined as 1/760th of atmospheric pressure at sea level.

• Energy (E) is the ability of an object to do work.

• Work is the transfer of energy through movement or force.

• The more energy an object has, the more work it can do.

Key takeaway: Energy gives objects the power to do work. More energy = more ability to do work.

breakdown of Chemical Laws and their physiological applications:

• Henry’s Law of Solubility: Explains how gases (like oxygen and carbon dioxide) dissolve in plasma (the liquid part of blood).

• Graham’s Law of Diffusion: Describes how gases move through other gases and across the A/C membrane (the barrier between air in the lungs and blood).

• Conversion Factors from Torr to vol%: Used to convert pressure of gases (measured in torr) to volume percentage (vol%), which helps in understanding how much gas is present in a mixture.

Key takeaway: These laws help explain how gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide move in the body, how they dissolve in blood, and how they travel across membranes in the lungs.

other way of understanding conversion factor from Torr to vol

Torr measures gas pressure, and vol% tells you the percentage of a gas in a mixture. The conversion allows us to understand both the pressure and concentration of the gases involved.

a/c membrane mean

The A/C membrane stands for the Alveolar-Capillary membrane.

It is the thin membrane that separates the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) from the capillaries (small blood vessels).

This membrane allows gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries, which is essential for gas exchange during breathing.

solubility coefficient

is a number that tells us how much of a gas can dissolve in a liquid at a specific temperature and pressure.

• It measures the ease with which a gas dissolves in a liquid.

• A higher solubility coefficient means more gas can dissolve in the liquid.

• A lower solubility coefficient means less gas dissolves in the liquid.

• Inertial is 5% u dont feel

• Elastic 10 - 15%

• 80% is airway resistance

• Laminar Flow: Smooth and orderly, like honey flowing in a straight line.

• Turbulent Flow: Chaotic and irregular, like water rushing rapidly in different directions.

• Inertial 5%

• Elastic 10-15%

• Airway R 80%

Partitioning of RAW  Think of lungs as an “upside-down funnel”  As the # of airways increases (cross- sectional area increases), RAW decreases  Changes in R of larger AW has greater impact than in smaller AW

Here's a simple breakdown of Partitioning of RAW (Resistance of the Airways):

• Imagine the lungs as an upside-down funnel.

• As the number of airways increases (meaning more branches in the lungs), the cross-sectional area gets larger, and RAW (airway resistance) decreases.

• Larger airways (like in the trachea) have a bigger impact on resistance than smaller airways (like in the bronchioles) because they carry more air and have more influence on airflow.

Key takeaway: More airways = less resistance. Larger airways affect airflow more than smaller ones.

• Resistance is like a "barrier" that makes it harder for fluids to flow.