chapter 7: cardiology/cardiovascular system

angi/o

vessel

aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

artery

arteriol/o

arteriole

ather/o

fatty substance, plaque

atri/o

atrium

cardi/o, coron/o

heart

embol/o

plug

isch/o

to hold back

phleb/o

vein

sphygm/o

pulse

steth/o

chest

thromb/o

clot

valv/o, valvul/o

valve

varic/o

dilated vein

vas/o, vascul/o

blood vessel

ven/o

vein

ventricul/o

ventricle

venul/o

venule

pulmon/o

lung

son/o

sound

lip/o

fat

pulmon/o

lung

son/o

sound

arteries

carry blood away from the heart and toward a capillary bed

the arterial wall…

contains a thick layer of smooth muscle and contract or relax

lumen

channel inside the vessel that carries blood

most arteries carry oxygenated blood, however,

the arteries FROM the heart TO the lungs carry DEoxygenated blood

arteries carry blood…

AWAY from the heart and TOWARD a capillary bed

capillaries are the point of exchange with. . .

tissues

veins carry blood. . .

BACK to the heart

capillaries connect. . .

arteries to veins

capillary beds are. . .

groups of capillaries

the capillary bed

the place where blood gives up oxygen and nutrients and takes of wastes

capillary walls are. . .

very thin into order to facilitate the exchange between blood and nutrients

veins carry blood. . .

AWAY from a capillary bed and TOWARD the heart

vein walls have. . .

a thin layer of smooth muscle

venous valves prevent. . .

backflow and pooling of blood

most veins carry DEoxygenated blood, but. . .

the veins from the lungs to the heart carry OXYGENATED blood

the heart is composed of. . .

myocardium that contracts to push blood through vessels

a thin layer of smooth endocardium. . .

lines the heart and reduces friction

the right side of the septum. . .

pumps blood to the LUNGS

the left side of the septum. . .

pumps blood to the BODY

the atria

upper chambers that RECEIVE blood

the ventricles

lower chambers the PUMP blood

aneurysm

localized widening of an artery due to weakness in the arterial wall

where may aneurysms develop?

in any artery

common sites of aneurysms

abdominal aorta and the cerebral arteries

angina pectoris

severe chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia

antilipidemic

medication that reduces amount of cholesterol and lipids in bloodstream

antiplatelet agent

medication that inhibits ability of platelets to clump together as part of a blood clot

arrhythmia

irregular heartbeat

auscultation

listening to sounds within body; heart or lungs, by using \[stethoscope\]

bacterial endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (the endocardium)

vegetation

visible accumulation of bacteria, may be seen in \[bacterial endocarditis\]

beta-blocker drugs

medication used to treat HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS by lowering heart rate

blood pressure (BP)

measurement of the pressure exerted by blood against walls of a blood vessel; reported as two numbers, ex. 120/80

styolic pressure

TOP number reported in BP, represents pressure in blood vessels while heart is CONTRACTING

diastolic pressure

BOTTOM number reported in BP, represents pressure in blood vessels while heart is RELAXING

systolic pressure is ALWAYS. . .

HIGHER than diastolic pressure

bradycardia

abnormally slow heart rate below 60 bpm (beats per min)

cardiac arrest

complete stoppage of all heart activity, both electrical signals and muscle contractions

cardiac catheterization (heart cath)

passage of thin tube (catheter) through the veins or arteries leading into heart

what is the cardiac catheterization used for?

used to detect heart abnormalities, to collect cardiac blood samples, and to determine pressure within heart

cardiac biomarkers

complex proteins released by heart muscle when it is damaged

how are cardiac biomarkers taken?

by blood sample to determine amount of heart disease or damage

common cardiac biomarkers are. . .

creatine kinase (CK) and troponin

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

combination of external compressions to the sternum and rescue breathing to maintain blood flow and air movement in and out of the lungs during cardiac and respiratory arrest

congenital septal defect (CSD)

birth defect in the wall separating the two chambers of the heart allowing blood to pass between the two chambers

the two types of septal defects are. . .

atrial septal defect (ASD) or ventricular septal defect (VSD)

congestive heart failure (CHF)

condition that develops when the heart muscle is NOT able to pump blood forcefully enough, reducing blood flow to the body

what can CHF result in?

weakness, dyspnea, and edema

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

open-heart surgery in which a blood vessel, often a LEG VEIN, is grafted to route blood around an occluded coronary artery

coronary artery disease (CAD)

chronic heart disease caused by arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis of coronary arteries

coronary artery disease (CAD) is also called. . .

arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

formation of blood clots in deep veins; usually occurs in the legs

emboli

the pieces of clot formed in the process of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

defibrillation

using an instrument called a DEFIBRILLATOR to give an electrical shock to the heart for the purpose of CONVERTING an arrythmia back to a normal heartbeat

another name for defibrillation

cardioversion

doppler ultrasonography

imaging technique using ultrasound to create a moving image

The doppler ultrasonography is utilized to evaluate. . .

blood flow through blood vessels, movement of heart valves, and movement of the heart muscle during a contraction

electrocardiography

diagnostic procedure that records electrical activity of the heart

what is electrocardiography used for?

diagnose damage to heart tissue from coronary heart disease or myocardial infarction

endarterectomy

surgical removal of the inner lining of an artery in order to remove plaques

fibrillation

abnormal quivering or contractions of heart fibers; occurrence within fibers of ventricle of heart may result in cardiac arrest and death; emergency equipment to defibrillate, or convert heart to normal beat, is necessary

heart murmur

abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing sound or harsh click

heart murmurs can be. . .

soft and heard only with stethoscope or so loud it can be heard several feet away

heart transplantation

replacement of a diseased or malfunctioning heart with a donor’s heart

heart valve prolapse

cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too loose and fail to shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward (regurgitation) through the valve when the heart chamber contracts

heart valve prolapses most commonly occur in the. . .

MITRAL VALVE, but may affect ANY heart valve

heart valve stenosis

cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too stiff and unable to open fully, making it difficult for blood to flow through

heart valve stenosis may affect. . .

ANY of the heart valves but most often affects the MITRAL valve

holter monitor

portable EKG monitor worn by a patient for a period of few hours to few days to assess heart and pulse activity as the person goes through activities of daily living

the holter monitor is used to. . .

assess a patient who experiences chest pain and unusual heart activity during exercise and normal activities

hyPERtension (HTN)

blood pressure ABOVE the normal range; usually systolic pressure above 130 mmHg or diastolic pressure above 80 mmHg

hyPOtension

blood pressure LOWER than 90/60 mmHg

hyPOtension can occur in. . .

shock, infection, cancer, anemia, or as death approaches

implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

electrical device implanted in the chest cavity with electrodes to the heart

what does the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) do?

the ICD applies a shock to the heart to stop potentially life-threatening arrhythmias such as fibrillation

myocardial ischemia

loss of blood supply to heart muscle tissue of the myocardium due to occlusion of a coronary artery