9 Food Animal Production Medicine and Surgery IV

Calves

Which has a higher amount of total body water, adults or calves?

60%

How much of an adult animal's body weight is water?

Alkalosis

An increased strong ion difference (meaning increased sodium or decreased chloride) will cause acidosis or alkalosis

Acidosis

A decreased strong ion difference (meaning decreased sodium or increased chloride, lactate, or ketoacids) will cause acidosis or alkalosis

BEFORE 8% = oral

MORE THAN 8% = IV fluids

What % of dehydration do you decide to make the change from oral to IV fluids?

a. tacky MM

e. slight eyeball sunkenness

c. 5-10 second skin tent

Select which of the following dehydration characteristics are true of 6-8% dehydration in cattle:

a. tacky MM

b. 11-15 second skin tent

c. 5-10 second skin tent

d. 0.5-1 cm eyeball sunkenness

e. slight eyeball sunkenness

f. less than 0.5 cm eyeball sunkenness

a. tacky to dry MM

b. 11-15 second skin tent

e. less than 0.5 cm eyeball sunkenness

Select which of the following dehydration characteristics are true of 9-10% dehydration in cattle:

a. tacky to dry MM

b. 11-15 second skin tent

c. 5-10 second skin tent

d. 0.5-1 cm eyeball sunkenness

e. less than 0.5 cm eyeball sunkenness

f. dry MM

c. 16-45 second skin tent

d. 0.5-1 cm eyeball sunkenness

f. dry MM

Select which of the following dehydration characteristics are true of 11-12% dehydration in cattle:

a. tacky to dry MM

b. 11-15 second skin tent

c. 16-45 second skin tent

d. 0.5-1 cm eyeball sunkenness

e. less than 0.5 cm eyeball sunkenness

f. dry MM

IF STRONG = oral, give 5 mmol

IF WEAK = IV, give 10 mmol

If a calf is standing and has bicarbonate needs, what is the difference in need between a calf that has strong versus a weak suckle reflex?

ISTAT

What is the name of the portable blood gas analyzer for diagnostics?

-10 to -15

Calves with diarrhea and less than 8% dehydration have a base excess of WHAT?

-15 to -20

Calves with diarrhea and more than 8% dehydration have a base excess of WHAT?

Alkalosis

Obstruction and blockage causing hypochloremia and hyponatremia in cows causes metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

Acidosis

Carbohydrate engorgement, choke, ketosis, and renal failure in cows causes metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

Sodium, glucose, citrate, acetate, propionate, alkalinizing agent (bicarb), energy

What basic nutrients do you need to provide to calves that need oral fluid therapy?

Do not feed milk alternative/replacer WITH electrolytes

You want to provide energy for calves on oral fluid therapy. What two things do you NOT want to mix TOGETHER in the same feeding?

Oral

If the rumen is distended, what route of fluid therapy do you NOT want to do?

Do NOT add glucose

note: i know earlier it says you want to make sure they have glucose, but I guess this just means you don't add too much additional glucose or you will cause fermentation issues

What do you NOT add to oral fluid therapy because it can alter fermentation in ruminants?

1. severe weakness/depression, inability to stand

2. anorexia more than 24 hours

3. hypothermia (100F or less)

Besides being OVER 8% dehydrated, what other presentations would the calf have to be showing to indicate IV fluid therapy?

Isotonic Sodium bicarb (1.3%), then may add 10-15 mEq KCl to fluid and 1-5% glucose

What is the fluid of choice in most situations for IV calf fluid therapy for diarrhea?

Phlebitis

What happens if you add over 7% glucose to IV fluid therapy for calf diarrhea in a peripheral vein?

Jugular or ear vein

Where do you give IV fluid therapy for calves with diarrhea?

Max flow rate of 14 ga catheter

Volume delivery of IV fluids in mature cows is based on shear weight. What is the limiting factor of this equation?

Hypertonic saline

What IV fluid allows for rapid volume expansion in mature cows?

Intraperitoneal, RIGHT SIDE

What method of administration do you give CMPK fluids to cows with grass tetany?

SQ

What route do you absolutely NOT give dextrose because it causes abscesses?

Cerebral edema

What happens if you overdose Na in fluids?

Cardiac arrest

What happens if you overdose K in fluids?

every 4 days

How often should you replace catheters to avoid infection?

BW (in kgs) x % dehydration

How do you calculate a cow's total fluid deficit?

Calves (0.6)

note: in cows, it is only 0.3

Is the bicarb replacement factor higher in cows or calves?

Deficit + maintenance + anticipated loss

where deficit is kg x % dehydration

and maintenance is 50-100 mL/kg

How do you calculate daily fluid requirement in cattle?

50 mL/kg/day

What is the maintenance rate of IV fluid therapy in calves?

10% of BW over SEVERAL hours

What is the max amount of fluid you can consider giving to calves who are severely dehydrated with diarrhea and acidosis, where you are using isotonic sodium bicarb solution?

40 kg x 0.1 = 4 L

You are presented with a 40 kg calf with severe diarrhea with 10% dehydration status based on skin tent of 11-15 seconds and eyeball recession less than 5 mm. BE reported that ISTAT machine is -15.

Calculate the deficit

300 - 450 mosmols/L

What do you want osmolality of IV fluids to be between for isotonic fluid?

Isotonic fluid ranges between 300 - 450.

Lets use 300

We know deficit is 4 L.

300 mEq x 4 L = 1200 mEq

You are presented with a 40 kg calf with severe diarrhea with 10% dehydration status based on skin tent of 11-15 seconds and eyeball recession less than 5 mm. BE reported that ISTAT machine is -15.

Calculate total mEq needed based on deficit

We know the deficit is 4 L (based off 40 kg x 0.1)

4 L x 0.02 (which is the solution) = 0.08 kg which is the same as 80 g

80 g x 1000 mg = 80,000 mg of glucose

80,000 mg / 500 mg/mL = 160 mL dextrose

note: i dont get this, come back

You are presented with a 40 kg calf with severe diarrhea with 10% dehydration status based on skin tent of 11-15 seconds and eyeball recession less than 5 mm. BE reported that ISTAT machine is -15.

Make a 2% dextrose solution, given you have 50% dextrose commercially available.

2 L per cow

What is the approximate max amount of hypertonic saline to administer for rapid venous expansion IV in cows?

800 kg x 0.1 = 80 L

note: if you want to convert this roughly to gallons = 80 L/4 = 20ish gallons

You are presented with an 800 kg Holstein cow with severe diarrhea, estimated at 10% dehydration and severe necrotic mastitis possibly due to Klebsiella. The farm can't do hospitilization and continuous IV fluids. Determine deficit to be given orally.