1. Introduction to Chemistry and Measurements

Chemistry

the branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of which matter is composed. the investigation of their properties and the ways in which they interact, combine, and change. the use of these processes to form new substances

Keme

Arab Latinized "__________" meaning “value”

Khemia

Egyptian “___________" meaning "transmutation of earth“

Khymeia

Greek "_______________" meaning "art of alloying metal“ and "Khumeia" meaning "putting together

Khumeia

Greek "Khymeia" meaning "art of alloying metal“ and "___________" meaning "putting together

Inorganic Chemistry

The study of the structure, properties and reactions of noncarbon chemical compounds or those that do not contain carbonhydrogen bonds

substances which do not have carbon-hydrogen bonding are metals, salts, chemical substances

Organic Chemistry

The study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds

Most organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, but they may also include any number of other elements (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur)

Physical Chemistry

The study of the behavior of matter at an atomic or molecular level

It also involves the study of the properties of substances at different scales, from the macroscopic scale, which includes particles that are visible to the naked eye, to the subatomic scale.

Analytical Chemistry

Involves the separation, identification (qualitative analysis), and the quantification of matter (quantitative analysis).

It involves the use of classical methods along with modern methods involving the use of scientific instruments.

Biochemistry

The application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level.

A laboratory-based science combining biology and chemistry

Measurement

the determination of the dimensions, capacity, quantity, or extent of something.

English system of units

The units of this system include the inch, foot, pound, quart, and gallon.

also called British Imperial System

a collection of measures for length, volume, weight, area, etc. that have their roots in hundreds of years of history

Metric system of units

The units of this system include the gram, meter, and liter.

In the metric system, there is one base unit for each type of measurement (length, mass, volume, and so on).

SI System

The names of fractional parts of the base unit and multiples of the base unit are constructed by adding prefixes to the base unit.

Significant Figures

The digits in a measurement that are known with certainty plus one digit that is estimated.

Scientific Notation

A way of writing numbers that are too large or too small to be conveniently written as a decimal.

Conversion Factor

A ratio that specifies how one unit of measurement is related to another unit of measurement.

Dimensional Analysis

general problem-solving method in which the units associated with numbers are used as a guide in setting up calculations.

Density

the ratio of the mass of an object to the volume occupied by that object

Accuracy

measure of how close a measurement is to the correct or accepted value of the quantity being measured

Mean

Precision

measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another

Standard deviation