Deviance and Social Control Final Vocab

Differential association

Edwin Sutherland (1883-1950); challenged deterministic explanations; crime and deviance is learned

Reinforcement (operant conditioning)

Learning is enhanced by social and non-social reinforcement, which strengthens or encourages a behavior

Differential reinforcement

the balance of anticipated and actual rewards and punishments that follow or are the consequences of behavior

Social structure

a pattern of organized relationships among groups of people within a society; "Characteristics of __________ provide context for social learning."

Differential social organization

ecological, community or geographic differences across social systems (urban/rural, age/gender composition, unemployment rate)

Differential location in the social structure

individual's location in larger social structure (social class, gender, race/ethnicity, age)

Theoretically defined structural variables

measures based on social theories of deviance such as anomie, class oppression, social disorganization, conflict subculture, patriarchy, etc.

Differential social location in groups

refers to membership in various groups, such as the family, peer groups, school, work, sports, other recreational groups

Internal control

rules and norms internalized and in form of conscience

External control

occurs through direct supervision or administrative systems; outside rules and norms

Social bonds

individuals' connections to others; has four parts

Attachment

emotional component of bond - we care about what conforming others think about us

Commitment

rational component of bond - strong commitment to conventional society = less likely to engage in deviance

Involvement

more time spent engaging in conforming activities = less time available for deviance

Belief

stronger awareness, understanding, agreement with rules and norms of society

Low self control

absence of nurturance, discipline, training; results from bad parenting and absence not presence of socialization

Symbolic interactionism

Humans act toward things on the basis of the meanings they ascribe to those things; the meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction that one has with others; these meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process

Looking glass self

Charles Horton Cooley; Individuals define themselves based on social interactions and the perceptions of others

Primary deviance

Edwin Lemert - Social Pathology (1951); individuals violate norms without viewing themselves as being involved in deviant social roles; may trigger labeling process

Secondary deviance

Edwin Lemert - Social Pathology (1951); individual comes to more or less accept label , altering his/her self-conception; Self-fulfilling prophecy

Self-fulfilling prophecy

individual acts in way consistent with deviant self-conception

Residual rules

Thomas Scheff - Being Mentally Ill (1966); norms so agreed upon taken as natural rather than conventional; triggers labeling process; people so labeled experience role engulfment - being "mentally ill" becomes a social role

Master status

a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life

School-to-prison pipeline

Process of pushing students out of classroom and into juvenile and/or criminal justice system; Exclusionary discipline —> future delinquency/criminal offending

Implicit bias

Attitudes/stereotypes affect understanding, actions, and decisions in unconscious manner

Base

mode of production and relations of production

Superstructure

institutions (state, legal, educational, cultural, religious, family) and ideas which serve to protect the interests of the ruling class and reproduction of the base

Moral panic

exaggerated, widespread concern that particular group is responsible for harm or a threat to society (Stanley Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics, 1972) - ex. Critical race theory, Book bans, "Parents' Rights," Q-Anon

Defensive othering

Deflecting stigma onto others to protect oneself; assumes stable relations between oppressors and subordinates (targets of stigma); assumes stable classifications based on clear qualifying criteria

Collateral consequences of imprisonment

damages, losses, or hardships to individuals, families, and communities due to incarceration of some members

Felon disenfranchisement

Felons loose right to vote in many states; with "war on drugs" and mass incarceration the numbers of citizens disenfranchised is significant