APUSH 4:7

Aaron Burr

a politician who served as the third U.S. Vice President under Thomas Jefferson, but is most known for killing his rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804 and for his later trial and acquittal for treason related to a conspiracy to create a separate empire in the Southwest

American Shipping

the Embargo Act of 1807, a law that prohibited American ships from trading with all foreign nations in an attempt to avoid conflict with Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars

Camp Meetings

large, multi-day outdoor religious revivals popular during the Second Great Awakening in the early 19th century, especially on the American frontier

Cane Ridge

the Cane Ridge Revival, a landmark camp meeting held in Kentucky in August 1801 during the Second Great Awakening

Deism

the Enlightenment-influenced belief that a Supreme Being created the universe but does not intervene in its affairs after its creation

Eli Whitney

an American inventor famous for the cotton gin (1793), which made it possible to separate seeds from cotton fibers quickly, leading to a massive increase in cotton production in the South and a subsequent rise in the demand for slave labor

Embargo Act

a law passed by President Thomas Jefferson that forbade American ships from trading with foreign nations, specifically Great Britain and France

Handsome Lake

a Seneca religious leader and prophet who emerged from a period of alcoholism to preach a message of social and moral reform for the Iroquois in the late 18th and early 19th centuries

Hartford Convention

a meeting of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812, which they felt harmed their economy with the intent of seceding Federalist states from the union.

Impressment

the act of forcibly conscripting individuals into military service, particularly the British Royal Navy's practice of seizing American sailors from merchant ships to serve on British vessels

Industrialism

the transformation of the U.S. economy from an agrarian society to one centered on manufacturing, driven by new technologies, factory production, and the consolidation of large businesses

John Marshall

the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801–1835) who significantly strengthened federal power over states' rights through landmark decisions like Marbury v. Madison, which established judicial review

Judicial Review

the power of the courts to declare a law or action of the executive or legislative branch unconstitutional

Judith Sargent Murray

an early American advocate for women's rights, a poet, playwright, and essayist known for her 1790 essay "On the Equality of the Sexes."

Louisiana Purchase

a 1803 land deal where the United States bought approximately 828,000 square miles of territory from France for $15 million

William Henry Harrison

the 9th U.S. President (1841), a Whig and war hero from the Battle of Tippecanoe. Key aspects include his "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" campaign, his short presidency (dying after just four weeks in office from pneumonia), and his role in setting a precedent for presidential succession when John Tyler took office

Marbury v. Madison

a landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, granting the Supreme Court the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

Mercy Otis Warren

a revolutionary poet, playwright, and historian who was a key propagandist for the American Revolution

Neolin

a Delaware (Lenni Lenape) prophet who had a vision in 1761, calling for Native Americans to reject European influence, return to their traditional ways, and resist colonization

Noah Webster

the "Schoolmaster of the Republic," an American lexicographer and educator who created a standardized American English by writing influential dictionaries and spelling books like the "Blue-Backed Speller"

Robert Fulton

an American engineer and inventor best known for developing the first commercially successful steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807

Samuel Slater

an English-American industrialist known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" because he memorized and brought British textile technology to the U.S. in 1789, establishing the first successful water-powered cotton spinning mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island

Second Great Awakening

a widespread Protestant religious revival in the early 19th century (c. 1790–1840) that spurred a renewed interest in religion and led to the formation of new denominations

Tecumseh

the Shawnee leader who organized a confederacy of Native American tribes to resist American expansion in the early 1800s

The Embargo

Intended to pressure Britain and France to stop harassing U.S. ships and respect American neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars, the act ultimately devastated the American economy and was widely unpopular

The Prophet

refers to Tenskwatawa, the brother of Shawnee chief Tecumseh, who was a spiritual leader of a resistance movement against American expansion in the early 19th century

Toussaint L’Ouverture

a formerly enslaved man who became the leader of the Haitian Revolution, a successful slave revolt that resulted in the creation of the first independent black-led republic

War Hawks

a faction of young, pro-war members of Congress, primarily from the South and West, who aggressively pushed for the United States to declare war on Great Britain in 1812

War of 1812

a military conflict between the U.S. and Great Britain from 1812–1815, driven by issues like British impressment of sailors, trade restrictions, and support for Native American resistance on the western frontier

Washington Irving

a 19th-century American author, considered the "first American man of letters," known for works like "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" that helped establish a distinct American literary identity