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American Colonization

The period when the United States ruled the Philippines from 1898 to 1946, impacting education and literature.

Free Public Education

Established by the United States, allowing wider access to education for Filipino children.

English as Medium of Instruction

The adoption of English as the primary language used in Philippine public schools.

Jose Garcia Villa

Prominent Filipino writer during the American period, known as the 'Poet of the Century'.

Paz Marquez Benitez

Filipino author known for the short story 'Dead Stars', considered the first in English by a Filipino.

Literary Nationalism

The expression of Filipino patriotism and desire for independence through literature.

Period of Apprenticeship

(1910-1930) A time when Filipino writers began to imitate Western literary forms.

Period of Emergence

(1920-1930) A phase when Filipino literature in English began to grow, influenced by Western literary trends.

Dead Stars

A short story by Paz Marquez Benitez regarded as the first English short story written by a Filipino.

Footnote to Youth

A celebrated short story by Jose Garcia Villa that explores youth and life choices.

Child of Sorrow

The first novel written in English by a Filipino, authored by Zoilo Galang.

El Nuevo Dia

A newspaper founded by Sergio Osmena in 1900 that published nationalistic articles.

Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas

A play by Aurelio Tolentino addressing Filipino oppression under American rule.

Japanese Occupation

The period from 1941 to 1945 in which Japan occupied the Philippines during World War II.

Tanikalang Ginto

A play by Juan Abad examining themes of freedom and colonial oppression.

Walang Sugat

A dramatic work by Severino Reyes depicting love and nationalism.

Spanish Writers

Writers during the American period focusing on traditional rather than nationalistic themes.

Tagalog Writers

Authors who wrote in Tagalog, emphasizing social issues and love for the native language.

Ilocano Literature

A literary tradition in the Ilocos region, with key figures like Pedro Bukaneg.

Kapampangan Literature

Literature from the Kapampangan region, notable figures include Juan Crisostomo Soto.

Visayan Literature

Literature from the Visayan region, exemplified by authors like Eriberto Gumban.

Philippine Normal College

Founded in 1901, it's one of the first institutions promoting American-style education.

Censorship during Japanese Rule

Restriction on literature and press, limiting freedom of expression.

Liwayway Magazine

A weekly magazine that faced censorship and was managed by a Japanese official during the occupation.

Nationalism in Literature

A common theme during the Japanese occupation focusing on the longing for independence.

Haiku

A traditional Japanese poem with a three-line form, adopted by Filipino poets during the occupation.

Tanaga

A Filipino form of poetry consisting of 17 syllables in a specific rhyme scheme.

Narciso Reyes

Author of 'Lupang Tinubuan', won first prize in a short story contest during the occupation.

Jose Ma. Hernandez

Playwright known for 'Panday Pira', significant in the theater during Japanese occupation.

Carlos P. Romulo

A renowned Filipino writer and journalist during and after the Japanese occupation.

Nick Joaquin

A key figure in post-WWII literature, known for 'The Woman Who Looked Like Lazarus'.

Gilda Cordero

Prominent fiction writer noted for her contributions during and after the war.

Literature as Resistance

The use of poetry, drama, and fiction to express resilience against oppression.

English Language Restriction

The banning of most English literature and newspapers during the Japanese occupation.

Anecdotes of Everyday Life

Themes focusing on the daily struggles of Filipinos, common in literature during the Japanese period.

Impact of Censorship

Limited freedom of expression leading writers to create more allegorical and symbolic works.

Filipino Vernacular Literature

Literature written in native Filipino languages, gaining popularity during Japanese rule.

Literature and Society

An essay by Salvador P. Lopez exploring the relationship between literature and cultural identity.

American Period Legacy

The enduring influence of American colonization on Filipino literature and education.

Sergio Osmena

Founder of 'El Nuevo Dia' and significant figure in Philippine journalism.

Philippine Review

One of the few English-language publications allowed during the Japanese occupation.

Cultural Exchange

The impact of American colonization on the development of Filipino literary traditions.

Vernacular Poetry

Poetry written in local dialects, which saw increased prominence during the Japanese occupation.

Historical Context

The influences of various occupations on the evolution of Philippine literature.

Pioneering Filipino Authors

Writers who laid the groundwork for modern Filipino literature through their works.

Writing as a Form of Resistance

The concept of using literature to oppose oppression and express national identity.

Post-War Literary Scene

The evolution of literature in the Philippines following World War II and Japanese occupation.

Literary Activism

The act of using literature as a means to highlight social issues and inspire change.

Cultural Identity in Literature

The representation of Filipino identity and experiences in literary works.

Dramatic Literature

Plays and dramas that convey themes of nationalism and patriotism during the American and Japanese periods.

Critical Reception

The understanding and interpretations of literary works by scholars and readers.

Global Influences on Filipino Literature

The impact of international literary trends on the development of Philippine literature.