Caesar's Dictatorship - Quick Questions [POTLR]

In what year was Caesar's debt law under attack by the senate?

48 BC

What was the name of the consul who attempted to attack Caesar's debt laws in 48 BC, causing mass rioting in Rome?

Caelius Rufus

What did the senate do to quell the rioting in Rome, created by Rufus' attack on Caesar's debt bill in 48 BC?

Passed an SCU to depose him

Upon being deposed from the consulship by the senate, who did Caelius Rufus join (hint - he had just returned from exile)?

Milo

What happened to Caelius and Milo not-long after they joined forces and caused disturbances in Italy?

They were both killed

The news of Pompey's defeat at what battle soon reached Rome, in 48 BC?

Pharsalus

Who returned with some troops after news of the defeat at Pharsalus spread (hint - he had just met with Caesar on his way back)?

Mark Anthony

What was the name of the politician who named Caesar dictator a second time after the battle of Pharsalus?

Servilius

Following Caesar's second appointment as dictator of Rome, what title did Mark Anthony receive as his second-in-command?

Magister equitum

What elections did not take place in 47 BC, giving you an idea of just how much civil unrest there was in Rome at the time?

The consular elections

What was Mark Anthony's chief role in Italy, whilst Caesar was away?

To keep it in order

What was the name of Cicero's son-in-law, who, as tribune, tried to stand against Caesar's controversial debt law?

Dolabella

In what year was Dolabella (Cicero's son-in-law) appointed to serve as tribune?

47 BC

How did the senate respond to Dolabella's resistance to Caesar's debt law (i.e. what did they order Mark Anthony to do)?

Keep some troops in the city itself

What did some of Caesar's men attempt to do just before his return to Rome, because of their dissatisfaction at not being rewarded properly for their service?

Mutiny

To keep his mutineering veterans in check, what hill did Caesar address them on (and what did he call them, as a sign that they were not worthy to serve in his army)?

The Campus Martius, 'civilians'

True or false: Caesar's veterans did not agree to serve under him again after they were rebuked on the Campus Martius?

False

When did Caesar's second-dictatorship 'officially' end, in 47 BC?

October

Despite losing the official title of dictator, what power did Caesar still hold (making his loss of the title practically unnoticeable)?

Imperium

In what year was Caesar elected to the consulship for the third time?

46 BC

To ease the economic situation building in Rome, what did Caesar do whilst consul for 46 BC?

Pardoned all debt to him

What did Caesar do with many of the Pompeian supporters who surrendered to him in 46 BC, as a sign of generosity?

Pardoned them

True or false: Caesar treated Cicero with respect and dignity after he returned to Italy, despite Cicero's allegiance to Pompey during the civil war?

True

Where did Caesar and his troops sail to next after returning to Italy and restoring order?

Africa

How many legions did the Pompeian supporters (including Cato) have in Africa, by the time Caesar arrived with his troops?

14

What was the name of the king sympathetic to the Pompeian cause in Africa, and how many legions did he provide?

King Juba, 4

What was the name of Pompey's father in law, who commanded the Pompeian legions in Africa?

Scipio

What was the name of Scipio's chief legate in Africa (who was the only one of Caesar's officers to abandon him during the Gallic wars)?

Labienus

When did Caesar ship his troops to Africa, in preparation for the ensuing battle with Pompey's remaining supporters?

Winter 47 / 46 BC

True or false: Caesar and his men easily defeated the Pompeian supporters in Africa?

False

Did Caesar eventually manage to defeat Scipio and Labienus in Africa / Thaspus?

Yes

Which two Pompeian supporters managed to escape Caesar and his troops after being defeated at Thaspus?

Sextus (Pompey's son) and Labienus

Where did Sextus and Labienus flee to after being defeated at Thaspus?

Spain

Which Pompeian supporter, who was also Pompey's brother, was trying to establish himself as the leader of Spain?

Gnaeus Pompeius

What position within Africa / Thaspus was Cato trying to defend against Caesar?

Utica

What did Cato do upon learning that his continued defence of Utica was hopeless?

Committed suicide

How does Scullard describe Cato's defence of the republic during his political career?

Loyal but short-sighted

How does Scullard describe Cato in relation to his stoic philosophies?

A paragon of stoic values

What were the names of the two men who Caesar pardoned, as part of his larger series of pardoning regarding previous Pompeian supporters during the civil war?

Marcellus and Legarius

In which year did Caesar manage to successfully defeat the Pompeian supporters / hear about Cato's suicide?

46 BC

Which famous orator praised Caesar for his forgiveness of Pompeian sympathisers after the civil war, and urged for social reform?

Cicero

What three-year title was bestowed upon Caesar by the senate in Rome, once news of his victory in Africa spread (hint - NOT dictator?)

Praefectus morum

True or false: Caesar named Cleopatra as a friend of the Roman people, put a statue of her up in Rome and even installed her and her son in his suburban house on the Janiculum?

True

What ten-year title was bestowed upon Caesar by the senate in Rome, once news of his victory in Africa spread?

Dictator

Who had built up a formidable Cesarean resistance in Spain, which served as a constant threat to Caesar's platform in Rome?

Pompey's sons

What was Caesar given upon his return to Rome, which many saw as a garrish celebration of the deaths of Roman citizens?

A triumph

How many legions had Pompey's sons amassed in total whilst in Spain?

13

What four provinces did Caesar's triumph in Rome celebrate his conquests of during the civil war?

Gaul, Egypt, Pontus and Africa

Where was the decisive battle between Pompey's sons and Caesar fought in Spain in 45 BC?

Munda

What did Caesar give to each of his veterans upon his return to Rome and triumph?

Large cash bounties

What word does Scullard use to describe Caesar's campaign against Pompey's sons, showing just how easily Caesar defeated them?

"Brief"

What did Caesar give to every single citizen of Rome, following his triumph?

100 denarii

What was the name of the only commander on the side of the Pompeian supporters who escaped Spain alive after Caesar's conquest in 45 BC?

Sextus Pompeius

Despite his previous forgiving nature, what did Caesar do to the districts in Spain that had supported Pompey and his sons?

Punished them severely

What title did the senate give to Julius Caesar after his successful campaign in Spain, upon his return to Rome?

Liberator

What did Caesar celebrate again upon his return from Spain to Rome in 45 BC?

A triumph

What did Caesar do in October of 45 BC, around the same time that his dictatorship was renewed?

Resign his consulship

After Caesar resigned the consulship in October 45 BC, and the consular elections were held, what happened shortly after to one of the nominees?

They died

Which three people did Caesar appoint to run Rome in his absence whilst he campaigned one final time in Spain (the first of which was his co-consul for 46 BC)?

Lepidus, Balbus and Oppius

What did Caesar do immediately after his consular nominee in 45 BC died, cheapening the position itself and going directly against Roman law?

Appointed another consul just for a day

Who was elected as sole-consul (rather unsurprisingly) for 45 BC?

Caesar

Which two people were elected to the consulship for 44 BC?

Caesar and Mark Anthony

When did Caesar leave Rome to fight against Pompey's sons in Spain?

Late 46 BC

In February 44 BC, what happened to Caesar's appointment as dictator of Rome (completely infuriating the remaining republicans in Rome)?

It was extended indefinitely

What does Scullard say made Caesar's job at reform in Sicily easier than Sulla's time as dictator thirty years earlier?

He had already pardoned all his enemies

Which two prominent writers in Rome separately urged Caesar to work on social reform in Italy in 46 BC?

Sallust and Cicero

What was Caesar's most famous social reform of 46 BC (hint - it stopped the time from going out of sync)?

Calendar reform

What previous law made by Clodius did Caesar largely repeal during his time as dictator?

Legalisation of collegia

What were the only collegia allowed to stay in operation, after Caesar's reform bill as dictator?

Legitimate trade guilds

What did Julius Caesar attempt to codify during his time as dictator (a huge and time-consuming task that had not been done in over 500 years)?

Roman law

As part of his reform bill, what was the number of people who received free corn from the state (a huge drop from the previous number of 320,000)?

150,000

Amongst other projects, what two major building projects did Caesar complete during his time as dictator?

A new forum and port at Ostia

To ease Rome's economy, which two major provinces did Caesar improve the tax laws of in 48 BC?

Transalpine Gaul and Sicily

What did Caesar limit the length of proconsular governorship to, perhaps as a way to defend himself from other rising politicians?

2 years

What did Caesar limit the length of propraetorian governorship to, perhaps as a way to defend himself from other rising politicians?

1 year

How many colonies did Caesar plan to build overseas during his dictatorship, to provide land for his veterans?

20

How many citizens would Caesar's 20 colonies have provided for overseas?

100,000

How many legions did Caesar still have under his command by 44 BC, despite the fact that the civil war was now over?

35

How many of Caesar's veterans had settled overseas in Africa and Corinth, after the end of the civil war?

20,000

What was one of the primary reasons as to why Caesar tried to settle his veterans primarily overseas after the civil war?

Land was cheaper and more readily avaliable

What was one of the consequences of Caesar's new colonies overseas?

Roman citizenship was more widely extended

How does Scullard describe Caesar's spending during this period?

"Lavish"

How much had Caesar increased the pay of his legions to after the civil war, causing further strain on the Roman economy?

He had doubled it

Name the three primary ways in which Caesar tried to protect Rome from bankruptcy, despite his "lavish" spending?

Raised taxes on conquered provinces, took the estates of Pompeian supporters and reduced the corn-dole

How much is it estimated that the Roman treasury was worth after Caesar's victory in the civil war?

175 million denarii

How much was Caesar's own personal estate worth after his victory in the civil war (hint - it was worth 1/7 of the entire Roman treasury)?

25 million denarii

What is it theorised that Caesar would have done in an emergency, regarding the Roman economy?

Annex Egypt and pacify Cleopatra

Who did Caesar send to campaign (unsuccessfully) in Delmatae, Bosnia, in 48 BC?

Gabinius

Who did Caesar send to campaign in Delmatae, Bosnia, after Gabinius' largely unsuccessful campaign?

Vatinius

True or false: Vatinius' campaign in Delmatae was slightly more successful than Gabinius'?

True

Where did Caesar plan to campaign in 44 BC, after the many years of conflict that the Roman empire had experienced there previously?

Parthia

What does Scullard suggest that Caesar's two chief motivations in campaigning against Parthia were?

Avenging Crassus and tightening his grip on Rome

How many legions did Caesar plan to leave behind in the east and west provinces whilst campaigning in Parthia, to governors he could trust to keep the peace?

18

What did Caesar intend for the senate to do whilst he was away campaigning in Parthia?

Exercise its old functions

How many men were in the senate after Caesar's reforms, a huge increase in their numbers compared to years before?

900

What does Scullard say about the new men that Caesar appointed into the senate?

They were adherents to Caesar

True or false: There was a widely circulated story that so-called "trousered-Gauls" had been appointed by Caesar to serve on the senate, showing his lack of knowledge regarding the provinces he conquered?

True

What number did Caesar increase the ranks of quaestor to (from the original number of 20)?

40

What number did Caesar increase the ranks of aedile to (from the original number of 4)?

6

What number did Caesar increase the ranks of praetor to (from the original number of 8)?

16