chemical elements are joined together to form biological compounds

proteins are polymers and out of monomers called… ()amino acids

why are amino acids described as buffers ()they prevent changes in pH by accepting or donating H+ ions

quaternary structure of a protein ()-2 or more polypeptide chains arranged to form one functioning protein
-these chains are held by bonds that form between the R groups of the amino acids
-sometimes involve prosthetic groups

how will na amnio acid change In basic conditions ()the COOH group will lose a H+ ion to from a COO- group

what is a polypeptide ()multiple amnio acids held together by peptide bonds

how will amnio acids change in acidic conditions ()the -NH2 group will Gian a H+ ion to form NH3+

what are the two types of secondary structures formed and how are they held in place ()alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets
they are held in place by hydrogen between non adjacent amnio and carboys groups

what 2 pieces of information does the primary structure give you ()the specific sequence of amnio acids and the length of the polypeptide chain

explan what R group will allow a disulphide bond to form ()an R group containing sulfur

explain what R group will allow an ionic bond to form ()R groups that are charged

describer who a dipeptide is formed ()-condensation reaction
-forms a peptide bond between the carboxylic acid group of one amnio acid and the amnio group of another
-releases a molecule of H2O

name the bonds in a tertiary structure form strongest to weakest ()disulphide bond, ionic bond, hydrogen bond, hydrophobic and hydrophobic intentions

explain which R groups will allow a hydrogen bond to form ()R groups that are polar

draw the structure of an amino acid ()H H O
I I. II
H - N - C - C - OH
I
R

what R group will allow hydrophobic interactions to form ()non polar R groups

describe the secondary structure of a protein ()twists and folds in the amnio acid chain due to hydrogen bonds being formed between non adjacent carboxlylic groups and amnio groups

what reaction breaks a peptide bond ()a hydrolysis reaction

what is the primary structure of a protein ()the specific sequence of amnio acids in a polypeptide chain. caused by hydrogen bonds between adjacent amnio and carboxlic group (condensation reaction)

Describe the tertiary structure of a protein ()-3D folding of polypeptide chain to form a specific shape
-Due to interactions between amino acid R groups
-Forming hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulfide bridges and hydrophobic and hydrofilic reaction

why do different asmnio acids have different properties ()due to their variable R group

what is a protein ()a biological molecule that forms a variety of functions. they are all complex polymers

How many different amino acids are there? ()20

what is a condensation reaction ()the formation of a chemical bond by the elimination of water

where does the H2O come from int he condensation reaction between amnio acids ()the -OH from the carboxyl acid group and the top -H from the amine group

what do two amnio acids joined by peptide bonds make ()a dipeptide

what do three or more amino acids joined together make ()a polypeptide

what are the physical properties of a fibrous protein ()-it is a long molecule
-it has parallel polypeptide chains
-it is insoluble
-it is strong

what are 2 examples of fibrous proteins ()keratin and collagen

what are the physical properties of globular proteins ()-compact
-spherical
-soluble

what are 3 examples of globular proteins ()antibodies, hormones, enzymes

what is the test and results for th rests of protein ()- biurets tests
-blue to purple if protein is present

why is an amino acid of zwitteron at ph7 ()-ions that have both charges are called zwitterions
-they have appositive amnio group and a negative carbolic acid group which causes the changes to balance making it neutral

what part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic ()the glycerol and phosphate head

what is bond between glycerol and fatty acid tails ()ester bond

what is meant by non polar ()an equal distribution of electrons so there is no difference in charge

what is the role of LDL on antherosclerosis ()-low desitinity lipoproteins deposits cholersetol in the arteries
-this narrows them and reduces blood flow

describe the structure of a fatty acid tail ()carboxylic acid group bonded to repeated CH2 groups ends with a CH3 group

explains he compounds needed to form a p phosoplipid ()glycerol, two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group (PO4-)

why are lipids good biological molecules for storage ()they can store twice as much energy in one molecule than carbs

desire the structure of an unstatirated fattyc aid tail ()-contain 1 or more c=c double bonds
-doesnt have a max amount of hydrogen atoms bound to it

describe the properties of saturated fats ()-solid at room temp
-close packing of fatty acid tails - strong forces of attraction

whats the reaction that forms a tryclgeride from glycerol and fatty acid tails ()condensation - water as a by product

whats the reaction that breaks a tryclgeride to glycerol and fatty acid tails ()hydrolysis. it breaks the ester bond

what is the formula of glycerol ()C3H8O3

what is attracted to non polar molecules ()other non polar molecules

give three examples of a lipid ()triglyceride, cholesterol and steroid hormones

what is the role of HDL ()-remove cholesterol from blood to the liver to be desposed of

what are the properties of unsaturated fats ()-liquid at room temperature
-kink in the fatty acid
-tails cant pack closely together
-weakens foa

describe the structure of a saturated fatty acid tail ()- contains only c-c single bonds
-maxmimum number of hydrogen atoms bound to it

what is a lipid made up form ()carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

do lipids dissolve in water and why ()they are non polar compounds so they do not dissolve in water. they do dissolve in organic solvent

draw a glycerol molecule ()OH OH OH
I I I
H - C - C - C - H
I I I
H H H

how many molecules of water are formed in the condensation reaction that makes a tryclnderide ()3

what is the formula of a fatty acid tail ()O
II
OH - C - R1

in a condensation reaction that forms a tricgluceride where is the water taken from ()- 1 -H molecule from the glyceride

• OH molecule fromt eh fatty acid

what is the general formula for fatty acid ()CnH2nO2

what are fatty acid chains hydrophic ()they dont have oxygen in them

draw a phosophilid ()R
I
O = P - O
I
O
I
CH2 - CH2 - CH2
I I
O O
I I
C = O C = O
I I
fatty acid fatty acid

what are roles of phospholipids ()biological membranes, electrical insulation

what are roles of triglycerides ()energy reveres, thermal insulation, organ protection

what are the roles of wax ()waterproofing

what are the tests for lipids ()- add ethanol first and then water second
-shake to mix
-cloudy white emulsion - lipids

why does the tests for lipids work ()-lipids dont dissolve in water but do in alcohol

• if its cloudy it means they haven't dissolved

what is water an example of ()a dipole