carboxylic acids n derivatives - AQA chem

how are carboxylic acids produced? under what conditions?

oxidation of primary alcohols under reflux

are carboxylic acids strong or weak acids.

what does this mean in terms of their dissociation in solution

draw the dissociation of ethanoic acid in solution.

is it a reversible reaction or a regular reaction?

reversible

when carboxylic acids react with carbonates, what do they produce

carboxylate salt

water

CO₂

carboxylic acids are ___ enough to _____ _____ form carbonates

strong enough to liberate CO₂ to form carbonates

write the reaction (in words and in displayed formula) for ethanoic acid reacting with sodium carbonate

what are small chain carboxylic acids able to form with water molecules?

this makes them _______ in ________

can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

making them soluble in water

draw the hydrogen bonding between ethanoic acid and water molecule

how are esters formed?

in the presence of what?

under what conditions?

when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol

in the presence of a strong acid catalyst

under reflux

what is the term for the reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols?

esterification

in esterification, what is lost form the carboxylic acid, and what is lost from the alcohol. what happens to the resultant of these losses

carboxylic acid loses its (OH) group within the carboxylate group (COOH)

the alcohol will only lose the hydrogen thats in the hydroxyl group (OH)

the resultant of these 2 will join to form an ester

do the equation (displayed and written) of the esterification of methanol with ethanoic acid.

is it a reversible reaction, or is it a regular forward only reaction

it is a reversible reaction

how are cyclic esters made from a hydroxy carboxylic acid (do it for 5-hydroxy pentanoic acid)

esters are ________ smelling compounds, used in _______ and ________. they have ________ boiling points, and also make ________ solvents for other ______ molecules

esters are sweet smelling compounds

used in food flavouring and perfumes

have low boiling points

make good solvents

for other polar molecules

what is the other use of esters, ( not solvents, flavourings, or perfume. whats the 4th)

used as plasticiser in polymers

what do plasticisers do in terms of flexibility, and in terms of intermolecular forces (IMF)

increases flexibility

decreases intermolecular forces (weakens them)

which has a lower boiling point, esters or C.A?

why?

esters

as carboxylic acids can form hydrogen bonds (with each other)

while esters cannot because the alkyl group prevents h bonding

are esters able to form hydrogen bonds with water?

yes

why does esterification need an acid catalyst, and what acid catalyst is used? what is the condition of the catalyst

because is a slow reaction

concentrated H₂SO₄

what is a more general term that esterification is referred to as (better to use esterification tho)

its a general “condensation reaction”

how are triglycerides formed?

esterification of glycerol with carboxylic acid

in the hydrolysis of esters, under acidic conditions, is it a reversible reaction, or is it just a regular forward only reaction? what are the products?

its a reversible reaction

the alcohol and C.A is reformed as the products

in the acidic hydrolysis of esters, what is the catalyst that is used, and what is its condition thats used

dilute HCl catalyst

what is the other name for the hydrolysis of esters in alkali conditions?

saponification

what is used and what is its condition for the saponification of an ester

excess dilute NaOH

what is the “functional group” for the saponification of an ester

COO^- Na⁺

in COO^- Na⁺, where is the negative charge located if using displayed formula

on the bottom Oxygen thats part of the ester link

how do you name the carboxylate salt that is formed from the saponification of an ester that has the COO^- Na⁺ functional group

the same way u name an ester

name this product form the saponification of ethyl ethanoate

do the equation (written and displayed) for the saponification of ethyl ethanoate.

is it a reversible reaction or is it a regular just forward reaction?

just a regular forward reaction

for both types of hyrdolysis of esters, what must it be heated under?

reflux

when u do the saponification of triglycerides, what is the carboxlyate salt used as / what is formed.

how is this possible (what 2 properties of the molecule is present)

soap

the chain is hydrophobic

the cabroxylate salt part (COONa) is hydrophilic

what does hyrdophobic and what does hydrophilic mean

hydrophobic = doesnt like water

hydrophilic = likes water

what is the name of the mechanism that is used in esterification (but not only just in esterification)

nucleophilic addition elimination

draw the NAE mechanism for the reaction of ethanoic acid with methanol

draw the displayed of a general acid anhydride

draw the displayed of a general amide (not N-substituted)

why is ethanoic anhydride used instead of ethanoyl chloride

ethanoyl chloride is more expensive, and produces harmful HCl fumes (as part of the reaction)

what does an acyl chloride + water form? (functional group)

at what conditions

what observation is produced.

What are the same 3 things, but for acid anhydride with water

acyl chlorides:

1. carboxylic acid

2. room temp

3. HCl gas (misty white fumes)

acid anhydride:

1. carboxylic acid

2. room temp

3. N/A

what does an acyl chloride + alcohol form? (functional group)

at what conditions

what observation is produced / what other product is formed.

What are the same 3 things, but for acid anhydride with alcohol

acyl chlorides:

1. ester

2. room temp

3. HCl gas (misty white fumes)

acid anhydride:

1. ester

2. room temp

3. carboxylic acid

what does an acyl chloride + ammonia form? (functional group product)

at what conditions

what observation is produced.

What are the same 3 things, but for acid anhydride with ammonia

acyl chlorides:

1. primary amide

2. room temp

3. NaH₄Cl white smoke

acid anhydride:

1. primary amide

2. room temp

3. N/A

what does an acyl chloride + primary amine form? (functional group)

at what conditions

what observation is produced.

What are the same 3 things, but for acid anhydride with primary amine

acyl chlorides:

1. secondary amide

2. room temp

3. N/A

acid anhydride:

1. secondary amide

2. room temp

3. N/A

whats the difference between an amide and amine

the only difference is that an amide is when its in an “ester (link)”

whereas amine is just when its not in the ester link, e.g methyl amine

do this question

how would u name this molecule (produced from nucleophilic addition elimination), as in what are the steps?

when naming, do u have to use anything to add significance to the amine/amide?

what is its name

u name it like u would an ester

u have to add “N - “ to the IUPAC name to show that it is N-substituted

name:

N - ethyl propanamide