Midterm 2

GABA

gamma-aminobutyric acid; an amino acid that helps to regulate mood

panic attack

a brief period of abrupt, intense fear; characterized by dizziness, heart palpitations, sweating, and chills

major depressive episode

a period characterized by the symptoms of major depressive disorder, such as depressed mood, anhedonia, sleep disturbances, and fatigue

major depressive episode

What is Major Depressive Disorder characterized by?

manic episode + depressive episode

How is Bipolar 1 Disorder characterized?

hypomanic episode + depressive episode

How is Bipolar 2 Disorder characterized?

hypomanic episode

a period that has to last 4 days, has fewer/milder symptoms compared to manic episodes, and is a building block for other disorders

manic episode

a period that has to last for 7 days, with symptoms such as inflated self-esteem, pressured speech, racing thoughts/distractibility, and high-risk behaviors

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

a disorder where depression occurs during a majority of one’s menstrual cycle

Persistent Depressive Disorder

a mood disorder characterized by feeling depressed most of the day, for most days, for at least 2 years

hoarding

characterized by excessively collecting or keeping items regardless of their value and difficulty discarding items, usually due to a fear that they will be needed later

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

a preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance; ex: muscles “feel” too small or skin looks uneven

trichotillomania

the urge to pull out one’s own hair from anywhere on the body

excoriation

repetitive and compulsive picking of the skin, leading to tissue damage

Adjustment Disorders

disorders that occur in reaction to life stressors such as moving, a new job, divorce, etc.

Panic Disorder

a disorder characterized by a bunch of panic attacks *in addition to* worrying about future panic attacks

Agoraphobia

a fear of being in a place where a panic attack can happen

specific phobia

extreme/irrational fear of an object/situation, leading to avoidance

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

also known as GAD, a disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable anxiety and apprehensiveness

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

also known as OCD, a vicious cycle of unwanted thoughts and fears that lead to repetitive behaviors

Social Anxiety Disorder

extreme fear or discomfort in performance or social situations

performance-related subtype

anxiety only occurs in performance-related situations without anxiety in everyday interactions

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

also known as PTSD, a disorder that develops after exposure to a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions, child abuse

Acute Stress Disorder

a disorder characterized by PTSD immediately developing (up to 1 month) post-trauma

negative cognitive triad

negative views about oneself, the world, and the future

MAOI

an acronym that stands for “monoamine oxidase inhibitor”; a type of antidepressant that has strong reactions with SSRIs and OTCs; hazardous interactions with a lot of foods

lithium

an element of the alkali metal group whose salts are used in psychopharmacotherapy as mood stabilizers

norepinephrine

a neurotransmitter and hormone released into the bloodstream by the adrenal glands to enable the body’s "fight-or-flight" response

SSRI

an acronym meaning “selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor”; an antidepressant that blocks serotonin reuptake; could cause suicidality

tricyclic

an antidepressant that blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine; increases neurotransmitter activity in the synapse; easy to overdose with irreversible damage

serotonin

a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in bodily functions such as regulating mood

interoceptive exposure

exposure to internal functions; ex: drinking coffee to increase heart rate

benzodiazepines

an antidepressant prescribed to treat conditions such as anxiety disorders, insomnia, and seizures; not a good long-term solution

the 3 D’s

“Deviance, Distress, and Dysfunction” are collectively known as…

cognitive-behavioral therapy

What is the most common form of treatment for mood and anxiety disorders?

Mowrer’s 2-Factor Theory

states that a phobia is first classically-conditioned before avoidance starts/occurs

NO

Can hypomania be a diagnosis?

serotonin

What neurotransmitter is commonly targeted in the drug/medication treatment of mood disorders?

building blocks

Episodes are NOT diagnoses themselves. They are ___ ___ for other disorders.

extinction

refers to the fading and disappearance of a response that was previously learned by association with another stimulus

exposure therapy

a psychological treatment that was developed to help people conquer their fears by confronting them

systematic desensitization

a treatment method that increases the feeling of self-control against a feared situation/phobia by gradually desensitizing the individual; imaginary fear transfers to real life

reciprocal inhibition

states that you can’t feel 2 opposite body states at the same time; ex: cravings and nausea

flooding

a type of exposure therapy where a person is put in a feared situation without escape

fear

a present-oriented mood state

anxiety

a future-oriented mood state

higher

The lower GABA levels fall, the _____ anxiety levels go.

Progressive Muscle Relaxation

an exercise that reduces stress and anxiety in your body by having you slowly tense and then relax each muscle

norepinephrine

What is the neurotransmitter targeted by drug treatment of Panic Disorder?

realistic anxiety

anxiety stemming from actual danger

neurotic anxiety

anxiety stemming from when id impulses are stopped

moral anxiety

anxiety stemming from when id impulses are punished

generalized anxiety disorder

What disorder develops when ego defense mechanisms can’t effectively combat realistic, neurotic, and moral anxiety?

learned responses

According to the behavioral-cognitive perspective, anxiety and fear are…

childhood

According to the psychodynamic perspective, all humans experience anxiety during what period of their lives?

cognitive perspective

Which perspective states that anxiety is caused by unrealistic, silent assumptions implying imminent danger?

learned

According to the behavioral perspective, excessive worry is ____.

GABA

According to the biological perspective, GAD is caused by the *inactivity* of which neurotransmitter?

NO

Are benzodiazepines a good long-term solution for Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

blood-injection-injury phobia

a phobia responding to blood draws, blood from wounds, etc.

displaced anxiety

According to a psychodynamic perspective, specific phobias are caused by _____.

selective mutism

a rare childhood disorder shown by lack of speech

separation anxiety

anxiety about being away from or leaving loved ones

2 weeks

According to the DSM-5 criteria, how long does an individual need to feel symptoms before they can properly state they’ve had a *major depressive episode*?

5

According to the DSM-5 criteria, how many symptoms does an individual need to feel before they can properly state they’ve had a *major depressive episode*?

anhedonia

reduced motivation, interest, or ability to experience pleasure

3

According to the DSM-5 criteria, how many symptoms does an individual need to feel before they can properly state they’ve had a *manic episode*?

depressive episode

For diagnosing Bipolar Disorder, if you only had a manic episode, it may be possible that the ___ ___ has not happened yet.

4

According to the DSM-5 criteria, how many days does an individual need to feel symptoms before they can properly state they’ve had a *hypomanic episode*?