Studied by 13 people
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Activation Energy
The energy that needs to be supplied before a chemical reaction will start
Active site
the part of an enzyme where a substrate molecule binds
Active transport
Movement of molecules and ions across a plasma membrane against the concentration gradient using energy
adaptation
A characteristic that increases an organism's chances of survival
Affinity for Oxygen
the tenancy a molecule gas to bind with oxygen
Allele
an alternative form of a gene
Aeolus
a microscopic air sac in the lungs where gas exchange occurs
Amino Acid
A monomer of proteins
Aneurysm
A balloon like swelling of an artery
Antibiotic
A chemical used to teat bacterial diseases
Antibiotic Resistance
When bacteria are able to survive in the presence of antibiotics
Antibody
A protein produced by B cells in response to the presence of a pathogen
Antigen
A molecule found on the surface of a cell. A foreign antigen triggers an immune response.
Antigenic Variability
Where pathogens change their antigens
Apoplast pathway
A route that water takes through a plant root to the xylem through cell walls.
Arteriole
A blood vessel that branches off an artery
Asthma
A respiratory condition where the airways become inflames and irritated, usually because of an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen and dust
Atheroma
A fibrous plaque caused by the build up and hardening of white blood cells, lipids and connective tissue
Atrioventricular node
A group of cells in the heart wall that are responsible for passing waves of electrical activity from the SAN onto the bundle of his
Atrioventricular valve
A valve in the heart linking the atria to the ventricles
B cell
a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response, it produces antibodies
Base
A nitrogen containing molecule that forms part of a DNA nucleotide
Benedict's test
A biochemical test for the presence of sugars
Biodiversity
The variety of living organisms and ecosystems on earth
Biuret test
A biochemical test for the presence of polypeptides and proteins
Bohr effect
An effect by which an increase of carbon dioxide in the blood results in a reduction of hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen
Bundle of His
A group of muscle fibers in the heart responsible for conducting waves of electrical activity from the AVN to the purkyne fibers
Carbohydrase
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of carbohydrates
Cardiac Cycle
An ongoing sequence of conraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles that keeps blood continuously circulating blood round the body
Cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
Cardiovascular disease
any disease associated with the heart and blood vessels
Casparian strip
a waxy strip in the cell wall of an endodermis cell
Catalyst
A chemical that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up or changed itself.
Causal relationship
Where a change in one variable causes a change in another
Cell fractionation
A method that separates the organelles in a cell
Cellular immune response
the immune response that involves T cells
Cellulose
A polysaccharide made of long unbranched chains of beta glucose
Centrometer
The point at which two strands of a chromosome are joined together
Chloroplast
An organelle present in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs
Chromatid
One arm of a double stranded chromosome
Chromosome
A thread like structure made up of one long DNA molecule
Competitive inhibitor
A molecule that had a similar shape to a sbstrate and blocks an enzymes active site
Condensation reaction
A reaction that releases a small molecule (usually water) when it links molecules together
Conjunction
When two bacteria come together and exchange genetic material
Control experiment
An extra experiment set up to eliminate the effect of some variables that cannot be controlled
Control Group
A group in a study that is treated in exactly the same way as the experimental group apart from the factor you're investigating
Control Variable
A variable you keep constant throughout an experiment
Coronary artery
A artery supplying the heart muscle with blood
Correlation
A relationship between two variables
Cortex (plants)
The outer later of cells n a plant root
Counter Current System
The system in which blood flows in one direction and water flows in the opposite direction across the gills of a fish
Crossing over
When chromatids twist around each other and bits of them swap over during meiosis
Cytoplasm
A gel like system where most of the chemical reactions in a cell happen
Denatured
The point at which an enzyme no longer functions as a catalyst
Deoxyribose
The pentose sugar in DNA
Dependent variable
the variable you measure
Dicotyledonous plant
A type of flowering plant
Diffusion
The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Digestion
The process of breaking down food into substances that can be used by the body
Dipeptide
A molecule formed from two amino acids
Diploid
When a cell contains two copies of each chromosome
Disaccharide
A molecule formed from two monosaccharides
Deoxyribonucleic acid
The molecule in cells that stores genetic information
DNA helicase
An enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bodns between two polynucleotide DNA strands during DNA replication
DNA hybridisation
A technique that combines single stranded DNA sequences from two species to determine how similar they are
DNA polymerase
An enzyme that joins together the nucleotides on a new strand of DNA during DNA replication
DNA sequencing
the process of determining the base order of a section of DNA
Double blind trial
A study involving a control group and an experimental group where neither the scientists nor the participants know which group the participants are in
Double helix
the structure of a DNA molecule
Emphysema
A lung disease caused by smoking or long term exposure to air pollution where foreign particles become trapped in the alveoli
Endodermis
A single layer of cells between the cortex and xylem
Endoplasmic reticulum
A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space which is involved with lipid and protein processing
Endothelium
the inner lining of a blood vessel
Enzyme
A protein that lowers the activation energy by providing an alternative diffusion pathway
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
The intermediate formed when a substrate molecule binds to the active site of an enzyme
Episermis
The outer most layer of cells on a leaf
Eukaryote
Organism made up of a cell containing a nucleus
Exon
A section of DNA within a gene that codes for amino acids
Facilitated diffusion
the diffusion of particles through carrier proteins or channel proteins in the plasma membrane
Fibrosis
The formation of scar tissue in the lungs which can be the result of an infection or exposure to substances such as asbestos
Fluid mosaic model
A model describing the arrangement of molecules in a cell membrane
Founder effect
The reduction in genetic diversity that occurs when just a few organisms from a population start a new colony
Gamete
A sex cell
Gene
a section of DNA which codes for a protein
Gene flow
Different alleles being moved between populations when individuals migrate from one population to another
Genetic bottleneck
an event that causes a big reduction in a population and reduces genetic diversity
Genotype
the alleles an organism has
Glycogen
A polysaccharide made from a long very branched chain of alpha clucose
Glycosidic bond
A bond formed between monosaccharides
Golgi apperatus
A group of fluid filled flattened sacs involved with processing and packaging lipids and proteins and making lysosomes
Granum
A structure in chloroplasts formed from the stacking of thylakoid membranes
Guard Cell
A cell that controls the opening and closing of a stomata
Haemoglobin
An oxygen carrying protein found in red blood cells
Haploid
When a cell contains one copy of each chromosome
Heart rate
the number of heart beats per minute
Heard immunity
Where vaccinated people are protected because the occurrence of the disease is reduced by the number of people who are vaccinated
Histone
Protein that DNA is wound around in order to fit into the nucleus
Homologous pair
A pair of matching chromosomes, each chromosome containing the same gene but different alleles
Horizontal gene transmission
When genes are passed on horizontally to other members of the same or different species without reproduction occurring
Humoral immune response
The immune response that involves B Cells and the production of antibodies
