________: social and cultural conception of this condition: cultural beliefs and reactions such as fear or rejection.
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Internal organs
________, tissue, and fluid are microbe- free (relatively)
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Fomite
________: inanimate object that serves a role in disease transmission.
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Virulence factors
________: specific mechanisms that allow pathogen to adhere to or penetrate host cell, thwart immune defenses, damage host.
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Uterus
________ and contents are normally sterile and remain so until just before birth.
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Vehicle
________: typically food, water or air, that transmits a pathogen to the host.
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normal flora
Occurs when ________ is introduced to a site that was previously sterile.
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Viruses
________ can be classified into seven (arbitrary) groups.
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stressful environments
Under ________, certain gram- positive bacteria are capable of forming endospores.
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Adhesion
________ is often an essential preliminary step to colonization and then penetration through tissues.
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F
________ or sex pilus: used for transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to another.
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Pregnant animals
________ can pass on some diseases to offspring.
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Disease
________: type of internal state which is either an impairment of normal function ability.
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Organism
________ causes damage to the host during infection.
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Microbiomes
________ are critical at an early age, they set things in motion.
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irregular intervals
Sporadic: when occasional cases are reported at ________ (rabies)
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Symptoms
________ (subjective evidence): something that must be described by the one suffering from the disease.
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Physiological
________ or psychological state we desire are called health and those states we want to avoid are labeled diseased.
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Epidemic
________: increasing prevalence of a disease beyond what is expected.
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Incidence
________: number of new cases during a specified time period.
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Chronic
________ (persistent) infection: progresses and persists over a long period of time.
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intrinsic potential
Measure of the ________ of an infectious agent to spread.
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Pandemic
________: epidemic across countries and continents.
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Prevalence
________: total number or proportion of cases or events or conditions in a given population.
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Illness
________: a persons subjective experience of their symptoms.
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Environmental factors
________ may increase likelihood of disease transmission opportunities or lower the hosts resistance to infection.
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Syndrome
________: the complete set of signs and symptoms associated with a specific disease.
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Consumption of raw fish
________ can increase exposure.
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exotoxins
The ________ are then secreted into the surrounding medium during the log phase.
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effective reproductive rate ®
The ________ estimates the average number of secondary cases per infectious case in a population made up of both susceptible and non- susceptible hosts.
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Vector
________: any agent that carries a pathogen and transmits it to human or animal hosts.
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Health
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
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Disease
A condition of the living animal or plant body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms
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Illness
a persons subjective experience of their symptoms
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Reference class
a natural class of organisms of uniform functional design; specifically, an age group of a sex of a species
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Normal function
part or process within members of the reference class is a statistically typical contribution by it to their individual survival and reproduction
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Disease
type of internal state which is either an impairment of normal function ability
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Lecture Three
Colonization vs Infection
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E. Coli
microbe receives nutrients, but produces vitamins K and B-complex
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Infectious agents
viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms, and prions
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Infection
condition in which infectious agent penetrates host defenses
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Infectious disease
an infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs and/or physiological homeostasis
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True pathogen
infectious agent that causes disease in virtually any susceptible host
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Opportunistic pathogen
normally harmless; causes disease when the normal flora is disrupted (i.e
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Localized infection
infectious agent enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue
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Systemic infection
infection spread to several sites and tissue fluids, usually the bloodstream
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Focal infection
infectious agent breaks loose for a local infection and is carried to other tissue
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Mixed infection
several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site (polymicrobial)
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Primary infection
refers to the first time you are exposed to (and infected by) a specific pathogen
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Secondary infection
another infection by a different microbe, succeeding a primary infection (getting a UTI treatment and getting a yeast infection because of it)
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Signs (objective evidence)
something can be detected/measured by someone else
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Symptoms (subjective evidence)
something that must be described by the one suffering from the disease
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Syndrome
the complete set of signs and symptoms associated with a specific disease
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Acute infection
comes on rapidly, with severe but short lived effects
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Chronic (persistent) infection
progresses and persists over a long period of time
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Asymptomatic (subclinical) infections
although infected, the host does not show any signs of disease
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Communicable infection
infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host
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Non-communicable infection
infection does not arise through transmission from host to host
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Epidemiology
the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of disease and health-related factors
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Epi
on, upon, befall
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Demo
people
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Ology
the study of
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Type
viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms, prions
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Virulence factors
specific mechanisms that allow pathogen to adhere to or penetrate host cell, thwart immune defenses, damage host
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Latent period
exposure, but no symptoms
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Incubation period
no signs or symptoms, but infection has begun
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Prodromal Period
mild signs or symptoms
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Period of illness
most severe signs and symptoms
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Period of decline
signs and symptoms
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Period of convalescent
illness goes away are you are back to normal health
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Developing world more susceptible
crowding, poor nutrition, poor sanitation
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Immune system less developed in young
wanes in old
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Direct contact
physical contact or fine aerosol droplets
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Fomite
inanimate object that serves a role in disease transmission
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Vector
any agent that carries a pathogen and transmits it to human or animal hosts
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Vehicle
typically food, water or air, that transmits a pathogen to the host
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Reservoir
the natural habitat in which a pathogen lives and reproduces that serves as a source of infection
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Environmental reservoirs
difficult or impossible to eliminate
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Gastrointestinal tract
food, drink, other ingested materials
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Prevalence
total number or proportion of cases or events or conditions in a given population
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Incidence
number of new cases during a specified time period
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Morbidity Rate
number of people afflicted with a certain disease during a given period of time
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Mortality rate
number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease during a given period of time
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Case-fatality rate
percentage of people with a specific disease that dies from that disease
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Attack rate
number of people affected by a disease divided by the number of people with a specific exposure
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Endemic
a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale (common cold)
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Sporadic
when occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals (rabies)
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Epidemic
increasing prevalence of a disease beyond what is expected
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Pandemic
epidemic across countries and continents
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EX
is R0=2, for every infected person, two people will become infected
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F or sex pilus
used for transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to another
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True Pathogen
infectious agent that causes disease in virtually any susceptible host
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Opportunistic pathogen
(pseudomonas, staph), normally harmless; causes disease when the normal flora is disrupted or when the host is immunocompromised
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Non-specific adherence
reversible attachment to the surface
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Specific adherence
irreversible permanent attachment to the surface
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Tissue tropism
particular bacteria are known to have an apparent preference for certain tissues over others
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Species specificity
certain pathogenic bacteria infect only certain species of animals
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Genetic specificity within a species
certain strains or races within a species are genetically immune to a pathogen
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Exotoxins
proteins produced inside the pathogenic bacteria, most commonly gram-positive bacteria, as part of their growth and metabolism
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Endotoxins
lipid portions of lipopolysaccharides that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
Studied by 1 person
