Microbio E1 Ch1

cellular

organism that contains cells

Prokaryotes:

1). Bacteria 2). Archaea

Eukaryotes:

1). fungi 2). algae 3). Protozoa 4). Helminths

Acellular

Not made up of or containing cells

Viruses, prion(infectious proteins)

1). Viruses 2). Bacteriophages 3). Prions (acellular)

What is biotechnology?

the use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product

What is genetic engineering?

Purposeful manipulation of genetics of microbes to create new products and genetically modified organisms

What is bioremediation?

the use of organisms/bacteria to remove pollutants from the environment

Positive activities of microorganisms

1). Normal microbiota 2). Food/ biotech industry 3). Decomposition and bioremediation

Negative activities of microorganisms

1). Decompositions
2). Diseases
3). Food spoilage
4). Biofilms

6 kingdom classification system

Eubacteria, archaebacteria, plants, Animalia, Protista, fungi

What are domains?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Single vs. multicellular members of each kingdom

The majority of microorganisms are single- celled(all bacteria and archaea and some eukaryotes), but some are multicellular

1). Eubacteria: unicellular
2). Archaea: unicellular
3). Plants: multicellular
4). Animalia: multicellular
5). Protista: unicellular
6). Fungi: multicellular

Major differences between archaea and eubacteria

Archaea are called ancient bacteria whereas eubacteria are called true bacteria.

Who was Louis Pasteur?

1).Fermentation, pasteurization
2). Linked bacteria to food spoilage
3). Germ theory in part came out of Pasteur's work.
4). Famous swan neck flask experiment
5). Came out with rabies and cholera vaccine

Who was Lister and what was he famous for?

1).He developed aseptic technique to keep surgical instruments sterile

2). Used phenol as disinfectant

Who was Ehrlich?

Modern Chemotherapy

1). Used first synthetic drug
> Salvarsan- contained arsenic( treatment for syphilis)

His observation led to the idea that if a drug was properly selective in its action, it would zero in and destroy a microbial target and leave human cells unaffected

Who was Alexander flemming

Discovered 1st antibiotic

> penicillin
> produced naturally by penicillium mold
> not used clinically till the 1940's

Who was Edward Jenner?

He was a surgeon who observed cowpox blisters could provide immunity for smallpox.

Who was Robert Koch

> first to verify germ theory

> discovered bacillus anthracis(anthrax) in blood of cattle
> developed a set of postulates to link a causative agent with a specific

Who was Elie Metchnikoff?

Best known for his pioneering research in immunology( defense against disease). He also discovered phagocytes

Who was Semmelweis?

Worked in hospital in 1840's, believed that disease was spread through doctors not washing their hands. Hand washing reduced child birth theory

Who was Robert Hooke?

> constructed the first microscope
> viewed plants cells including tree bark, and also fungi
> developed cell theory; living things are composed of cells

Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek?

1).He was the first researcher to see bacteria under a microscope.

2). Father of bacteriology and protozoology

Who was Carl von Linne?

>Father of taxonomy
>binomial nomenclature
> prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Who was Onesimus?

>African slave in Boston
Shared his experience of Variolation in Africa
> protection against smallpox(variola) before vaccine

What is spontaneous generation?

living things arise from non-living things

What is abiogenesis?

Life beginning in the absence of life( from non-living things)

What is biogenesis?

living things come from other living things

Pasteur's experiment

- Verified principle that cells can only come from pre-existing cells

1. Placed samples of broth in flasks with long swan necks and melted the glass of the necks to bend them into different shapes
2. Boiled the broth in some of the flasks to kill any organisms present, and left others unboiled (controls)
3. Fungi and other organisms appeared in the unboiled flasks but not the boiled ones (even after a long time)
4. The broth in the flasks was in contact with air (which had been suggested was needed for spontaneous generation), but that didn't occur, so disproved it
5. Snapped necks of some of the flasks to leave a shorter vertical neck, and organisms were soon apparent and decomposed the broth
6. Concluded that the swan necks prevented organisms from the air getting into the flasks and that no organisms appeared spontaneously

What is the cell theory?

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells

What is the germ theory of disease?

Human Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms

What is Koch's postulates?

isolate the microbe from diseased/dead animal. Grow in pure culture. Use pure culture to infect healthy animal. Re-isolate microbe from the reinfected animal.

What is taxonomy?

the science of naming, identifying and classifying organisms

How to correctly write a scientific name

first word (genus) begins with a capital letter, second word (unique to each species) is lowercased, & all written in italic

How are eukaryotic species defined

Groups that can Interbreed

>contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
> may be unicellular or multicellular

How are prokaryotic species defined

Population of cells with similar characteristics

What is the taxonomic hierarchy?

Kingdom(kings)

Phylum (Play)
Class (Chess)
Order (On)
Family (Fine)
Genus (Green)
Species (satin)

What are biofilms?

A diffuse unorganized layer of polysaccharides and/or on proteins on the outside of some bacteria

Pacemakers, and artificial joints