Studied by 15 people
Franklin D. Roosevelt
believed in self-determination and personal liberty, supported the UN, supported a revived German economy
Harry S. Truman
was not very involved in decision making as FDR’s VP, and spoke more bluntly about Soviet leadership
Joseph Stalin
Concerned with security, former ally of Hitler, had the advantage over the Allies since he marched on Berlin and secured Eastern Europe
Winston Churchill
Conservative politician who wanted to maintain the British Empire - interested in the fate of Poland and supported sphere of influence
tehran 1943
agreements: 2nd front, UN, western borders of USSR, divide germany post-war
disagreements: clash between self-determination and USSR wanting territory
potsdam july 1945
agreements: german reparations decided
disagreements: USA and UK wanted strong german economy - USSR didn’t, eastern europe controlled by Soviets
yalta feb 1945
agreements: soviets to fight japan for territory
disagreements: soviets not supporting warsaw uprising, signs of soviet expansionism
truman doctrine + marshall plan 1948
influenced by long telegram, economic and military aid sent to countries in danger from soviet expansion - active resistance by US
ussr reaction: cominform
long telegram 1946
george kennan sent a telegram to Truman advising active efforts to counter soviet expansion
bizonia 1946
merging of economic zones in allied controlled germany - ganging up on ussr
berlin blockade 1948
deutschmark created to stop black market + increase western economic influence - stalin saw deutschmark as a threat to communist germany - cut off east berlin - led to creation of west germany - united against ussr
john lewis gaddis eval
post-revisionist, american, friends with george kennan, adviser to george bush, believes in US hard power
formation of NATO 1949
acts as a deterrent/scare for USSR - ‘attack on one is an attack on all’
communist china 1949
mao wins civil war - shift in geopolitical balance and two huge nations are communist
korean war 1950-1953
example of us containment - proxy war - roll back policy - increased tensions between China and US - first time China faces US militarily
khrushchev hawk
1955 = warsaw pact, 1961 = creation of berlin wall, 1962 = cuban missile crisis
khrushchev dove
1956 = de-stalinisation + peaceful coexistence, 1959 = visiting the us, 1962 = negotiated well + improved communication after cuba
sino soviet split 1956-1966
relations worsened over ideological differences (hungarian uprising, bombing taiwan) - russia cut economic aid - led to china trading with US - 1970s = competing for US help
detente 1970s
1972 = SALT treaty (slowed production of nuclear weapons), 1979 = official recognition of china, 1987 = removal of 4% of ICBMs
economic problems in USSR (khrushchev)
khrushchev: virgin lands scheme - infertile soil, shifted to consumer goods - couldnt compete with West
economic problems in USSR (brezhnev)
soviet-afghan war = costly, energy crisis, era of stagnation, overspent on military budget
economic problems in USSR (gorbachev)
glasnost - openness and restructuring, encouraged open market + free speech, sinatra doctrine, led to political unrest
fall of the ussr
end of direct intervention (brezhnev doctrine), changed political system, fall of berlin wall, power vacuum in europe
Nikita Khrushchev (1958-1964)
focused on peaceful coexistence - denounced stalin - still had tensions (berlin wall, cuba)
John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)
leader during cuba, anti-communist, encouraged space race
Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)
fierce anti-communist, built ‘star wars’ (1983), eventually helped ease tensions
Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991)
glasnost - reformed economy, ended interventionism, saw fall of USSR
Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1985)
era of stagnation, conservative economic policies, brezhnev doctrine (interventionism)
hungarian uprising 1956
crushed by soviets, showed world ussr was in total control of eastern europe
cuban missile crisis 1962
increasing communist presence - soviet missiles planted - ended in naval blockade and removal of weapons from cuba and turkey - better communication + more weapons made
soviet-afghan war 1979
proxy war between USSR and US, costly and drawn out, reignited tensions after detente
fall of berlin wall 1989
signified end of iron curtain - opening of USSR - near the end
john lewis gaddis perspective
cold war started because both nations kept their own security and interests at heart
after ww2 there was of miscommunication
soviet dislike of the marshall plan served as moral initiative of the cold war for the us
after soviet archives opened he revised his views: stalin played a bigger role than he thought before
arthur schlesinger jr eval
advisor to kennedy, served in ww2, williams’ nemesis
arthur schlesinger jr perspective
outbreak of cold war was because of soviet aggression and expansionism
american policies were a brave and essential response to soviet expansionism
stalin was a crazy dictator - ussr expansionism was motivated by leninist ideology and totalitarian society
only reason the cold war did not become an active war was because of nuclear weapons and M.A.D.
william williams eval
revisionist, american, enlisted in ww2, PhD in us-ussr relations
william williams perspective
us was an imperialist power who wanted to enrich itself through trade
scared ussr with atomic bomb - forced other countries economic borders open - “Open Door policy”
us responsible for cold war - always inflexible with bolsheviks - scared ussr
creation of east and west germany 1949
symbolised further seperation of us and ussr
historiography: brezhnev
robert service: stifled innovation and worker efficiency
edwin bacon: he brought stability, improve standards of living, and avoided conflict
edwin bacon eval
professor of russian studies, educated in UK
robert service eval
author on russian history, criticised for villainizing some leaders
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