Respiratory 1: Intro, Pathology of Nasal Passages

The Respiratory system can be broken down into 3 parts, what are they?

1. Conducting System

   1. Trachea

2. Transitional System

   1. Bronchioles

3. Exchange System

   1. Alveoli

T/F: Bacterial normally exist in the respiratory tract

True

What are the 5 different ways that the respiratory system “defends“ itself

1. Air filtration

2. Mucociliary Clearance

3. Phagocytosis

4. Immunity

5. Detoxification

Air filtration can prevent the passage of particles _ 10 micrometers

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The mucociliary defence can prevent the passage of what sized particles?

10-2 micrometers

What is done with particles that are caught by the mucociliary clearance in the nose?

• They are moved towards the trachea

  • There they will be coughed out or swallowed

What performs phagocytosis in the respiratory system?

Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages (PAMs)

When chronic damage to the respiratory sytem occurs, what particularcell undergoes hyperplasia?

• Goblet cells

  • They mass produce mucus

What is Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome?

• Found in brachycephalic dogs

• Characterized by 

  • Stenotic Nares

  • Elongated nasal turbinates

  • Displaced nasal turbinates

  • Everted laryngeal saccules

What is Tracheal Collapse Syndrome?

• A congenital anomaly that is caused by the degradation of cartilage in the trachea

  • The degeneration results in the dorsoventral flattening of the trachea

What is Epistaxis?

Bleeding from the nose

What are differentials for Epistaxis in any species?

• Trauma

• Foreign body

• Nasal Neoplasia

• Rhinitis

• Pulmonary Hemorrhage

• Bleeding diathesis

What are some unique causes of Epistaxis in Horses?

• Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)

• Guttural pouch mycosis

• Progressive ethmoidal hematoma

• Nasal Cysts 

What is a Progressive Ethmoidal Hematoma?

A pedunculated blood-filled mass on the ethmoid

If a horse is presenting with unilateral epistaxis, what would be your first differential?

Progressive Ethmoidal Hematoma

Pyogenic bacteria cause ______ Rhinitis

Suppurative

Toxin producing bacteria cause ________ Rhinitis

Fibronecrotizing

Fungus, Foreign Bodies, and Allergies cause ______ Rhinitis

Granulomatous

Identify the different types of Tracheitis

1. Purulent

2. Fibronecrotizing

3. Granulomatous

Regarding Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, identify the…

• Etiology

• Species Affected

• C.S

• Associated Lesions

• Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1)

• Affects cattle

• C.S

  • Fever, nasal discharge, salivation

• Lesions

  • Hyperemia (excess of blood in vessels)

  • Nasal/Tracheal mucoal necrosis

    • Predisposes to 2° infections

What is an important sequelae of IBR?

Bronchopneumonia

Regarding Necrotic Laryngitis, identify the…

• Etiology

• Species Affected

• C.S

• Lesions

• Sequelae

More commonly known as Calf diptheria

• Fusobacterium necrophorum

• Calves

• C.S

  • Fever, anorexia, depression

  • Halitosis (foul breath), moist cough, dyspnea

• Lesions

  • Around the Larynx

• Sequelae

  • Asphyxiation

  • Pneumonia

  • Sepsis

T/F: Necrotic Laryngitis only occurs as a 2° bacterial infection

True

Regarding Strangles, identify the…

• Etiology

• Species Affected

• Associated Lesions

• Sequelae

• Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (SEE)

• Horses

• Lesions

  • Suppurative rhinitis

  • Regional Lymphadenitis

  • Visceral spread (Bastard strangles)

    • Spreads to other organs/LNs 

• Sequelae

  • Purpura Hemorrhagica

    • Immune mediated vasculitis

Regarding Progressive Atrophic Rhinitis, identify the…

• Etiology

• Species Affected

• Associated Lesions

• Pasturella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica

• Pigs

• Lesions

  • Atrophic conchae (destruction of conchae)

  • Facial deformities

  • No exudate

Regarding Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex, identify the…

• Etiology

• Species Affected

• C.S

• Multifactorial etiology

  • Viral

    • Canine Adenovirus-2 (CAV-2)

    • Canine Parainfluenza virus

  • Secondary bacterial

    • Bordetella bornchiseptica

• Dogs

• C.S

  • Harsh dry cough

  • Retching

  • Sneezing

  • Productive cough

  • Purulent nasal discharge

Regarding Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis, identify the…

• Etiology

• Species Affected

• C.S

• Sequelae

• Felid Herpesvirus-1 (FeHV-1)

• Cats

• C.S

  • Keratitis and corneal ulcers (key indicator)

  • Sneezing

  • Nasal discharge

  • Mucopurulent rhinitis

• Sequelae

  • Predispose to 2° bacterial infections 

    • B. bronchiseptica, P. multocida, Strep. spp.

Regarding Feline Calicivirus, identify the…

• Etiology

• Species Affected

• Associated Lesions

• C.S

• Feline Calcivirus

• Cats

• Lesions

  • Oral ulcers (key differentiator)

• C.S

  • Sneezing

  • Nasal/conjunctival discharge

  • Limping kitten syndrome (arthritis)

What virus is indistinguishable, via C.S, to Feline calcivirus?

Chlamydia felis

Regarding Cryptococcosis, identify the…

• Etiology

• Species Affected

• Associated Lesions

• Test

• Cryptococcus neoformans and gatti (2 causes)

• Many species susceptible, most common in cats

• Lesions

  • Granulomatous rhinitis

  • Nasal dermatitis

  • Granumolatous pneumonia

• Test

  • Cytology/biopsy

Squidward nose