APUSH Unit 6 Terms

Imperialism

The practice, theory or attitude of maintaining or extending power over foreign nations, particularly through expansionism, employing both hard power and soft power. It focuses on establishing or maintaining hegemony and a more or less formal empire. In regards to the U.S., it is the expansion of American political, economic, cultural, media, and military influence beyond the boundaries of the United States.

William Seward

Alaska was acquired because of fear of Russian attempts to expand into Canada and Northwest United States; WHO (individual) was responsible for this acquisition?

Alfred Thayer Mahan

This admiral in the U.S. Navy argued countries with sea power were the great nations in history in his book The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890).

Josiah Strong

An American Protestant clergyman, organizer, editor and author. He was a leader of the Social Gospel movement, calling for social justice and combating social evils.

Queen Liliuokalani

The Hawaiian Kingdom's only reigning queen and last monarch before the overthrow of the sovereign state. She presided over the Hawaiian Kingdom during a time of great economic growth, eventually pushed out by U.S.

USS Maine

An American Battleship that blows up in Havana Harbor in 1898; many Americans blame the Spanish for the explosion of the ship and use that to start the Spanish-American War.

DeLome Letter

A piece of correspondence from the Spanish Minister to the United States criticizing the policies of President McKinley. During the 1890s, Cuba was in open rebellion against Spain, with the United States remaining largely neutral.

Yellow journalism

A phrase used to refer to a sensationalist style of reporting and writing that spread quickly through urban American and changed the character of newspapers forever.

Teller Amendment

Statement that the U.S. would leave control of Cuba to the Cuban people after liberating them from the Spanish; the U.S. had no intention of annexing Cuba.

Rough Riders

the name given to the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt resigned his position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in May 1898 to join the volunteer cavalry.

Philippines Question

In the aftermath of the Spanish-American War, which ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1898, a heavily-debated question rose: what to do with the Philippines? The early debate broke down into two sides: anti-imperialist and imperialist. Anti-Imperialists argued against expanding American influence in the Philippines. Imperialists sought to establish a civil society and train the Filipino population for self-governance.

Anti-Imperialist League

.Group that opposed forced expansion, believing that imperialism violated the fundamental principle that just republican government must derive from "consent of the governed." The League argued that such activity would necessitate the abandonment of American ideals of self-government and non-intervention

Jingoism

term for excessive nationalism, an intense burst of national pride; caused by yellow journalism, Social Darwinism, new navy, European imperialism

"White Man's Burden"

duty of whites to civilize non-whites through colonization and economic dominance.

Platt Amendment

1901 declaration by U.S. stating Cuba can't make treaties with others that might impair its independence, they cannot acquire debt it cannot pay, they must lease to the U.S. Guantanamo Bay, and that the U.S. can intervene in Cuba to maintain order.

Emilio Aguinaldo

leader of Filipino insurrection against Spain and then the U.S.

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Panama Canal

during the Spanish American War it became evident that this needed to be built to be able to shift forces from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and vice versa; Teddy Roosevelt was instrumental in the building of this...

Lincoln Steffens

One of the most influential muckrakers, he wrote a book called "The Shame of the Cities" in 1904 that portrayed the corruption of city governments and urban living helped to push for urban political reform.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work "A History of Standard Oil"

Upton Sinclair

One of the "Muckrakers," this man exposed the meat packing industry for its major ills with his book The Jungle.

Margaret Sanger

Primary advocate for birth control

Social Gospel

movement within the progressive movement when professionals, such as lawyers and ministers, tried to help poor people in society; believed in charity to help people out and the government stepping in to assist with urban problems

Muckrakers

Any of a group of American writers identified with pre-World War I reform and exposé writing. They provided detailed, accurate journalistic accounts of the political & economic corruption & social hardships caused by the power of big business in a rapidly industrializing United States.

Jane Addams

A middle class woman who founder Hull House, a settlement house that she installed in a ghetto of Chicago. The house inspired many other like settlements across the country, while she spent her lifetime battling for garbage removal, playgrounds, better street lighting, and police protection.

Hull House

a settlement house for new immigrants that she installed in a ghetto of Chicago. The house inspired many other settlement homes across the country.

Women's Suffrage

Beginning in the mid-19th century, several generations of woman suffrage supporters lectured, wrote, marched, lobbied, and practiced civil disobedience to achieve what many Americans considered a radical change in the Constitution - guaranteeing women the right to vote.

Nineteenth Amendment

In 1920 suffragists win ratification of this Amendment, which guarantees women political rights throughout the country.

Municipal Reforms

Reform in the Progressive Era generated state and local projects that used public markets for combatting the urban "evils" of high food costs, lack of fresh food, traffic congestion, and unsanitary conditions

City-Manager Plan

An approach toward reform in which elected officials hired an outside, professionally trained business manager to take charge of the government. By the end of the progressive era, most smaller cities were operating under commission, and another 45 employed city managers.

Initiative

This action allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures altogether by submitting new legislation directly to the voters in general elections.

Referendum

This action provided a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval.

Direct Primary

This type of election was an attempt to take the selection of candidates away from the party bosses and give it to the people.

Recall

Gave voters the right to remove a public official from office through a special election. An election could be called after a sufficient number of citizens had signed a petition.

Robert La Follette

A 3-time Governor of Wisconsin before becoming a Senator in 1906, this gentleman is considered to be one of the greatest progressive reformers of government, especially at the state-level.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

1911 event where a fire swept through a factory in New York, killing 146 workers (most of them women). This tragedy impacted reforms to worker safety in the industrial field.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws created by white southerners to enforce racial segregation across the South from the 1870s through the 1960s.

"The Great Migration"

For nearly six decades, 6 million African Americans migrated from the U.S. South to the West, Midwest, and Northeast, usually in search of economic opportunity.

Booker T. Washington

believed that agitation/fighting for equal rights of blacks was a mistake; don't force others to give rights; better yourself economically with a trade

W.E.B. Du Bois

This advocate for African-American rights by arguing that they should not content themselves with education at the trade and agricultural schools, but should pursue and accept nothing less than a full university education. First impactful advocate for civil rights.

Niagara Movement

A movement of African-American intellectuals that was founded in 1905 at Niagara Falls by such prominent men as W. E. B. DuBois and William Monroe Trotter. The movement was dedicated to obtaining civil rights for African-Americans.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and opposed racism. Its significance was that it helped to promote civil rights.

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

A religious organization whose primary purpose was to combat the influence of alcohol on families and society. It was influential in the temperance movement, and supported the 18th Amendment.

18th Amendment

Ratified in January 1919 and enacted in January 1920, outlawed the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors."

Volstead Act

The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." The act was passed to define what "Hard Liquor" was and set up the law enforcement apparatus to police prohibition.

Eugene Debs

This union advocate that would become a main voice in the Socialist movement and Socialist Party of America, running for the presidency as the party's candidate multiple times.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT (1901-1909)

President who held the common philosophy of the Progressive Era that some trusts were good, some trusts were bad

Northern Securities Company

Supreme Court case where the majority opinion was ruled in favor of the government, saying that the only reason for the existence of Northern Securities was to create a monopoly on railroad traffic across the northern part of the country. The court ordered the company to be separated by selling the railroads it had acquired.

Square Deal

Roosevelt "policy" to balance the competing ideas of corporations and unions, best shown in his management of the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902.

Hepburn Act

A law that strengthened the rate-making power of the Interstate Commerce Commission, again reflecting the era's desire to control the power of the railroads. It increased the ICC's membership from five to seven, empowered it to fix reasonable railroad rates, and broadened its jurisdiction.

Meat Inspection Act

Required strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and created a program of federal meat inspection. It came about in 1906 as a result of president Roosevelt reading Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. Roosevelt appointed a commission of experts. To investigate the meat packing industry.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce and laid a foundation for the nation's first consumer protection agency, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Conservation

Movement in America tried to preserve natural resources and stop destruction of resources/land.

Preservation

PROTECT nature from human interaction.

"Bully Pulpit"

A term coined by Teddy Roosevelt referring to the position of being president. Back then, "bully" meant something terrific, so was defining the presidency as a terrific platform to advocate and speak out on an agenda.

John Muir

A Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, have been read by millions.

Sierra Club

An organization founded in 1892 that was dedicated to the enjoyment and preservation of America's great mountains (including the Sierra Nevadas) and wilderness environments. Encouraged by such groups, national and state governments began to set aside more public lands for preservation and recreation.

WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT (1909-1913)

The 27th president of the United States (1909-1913) and the tenth chief justice of the United States (1921-1930), the only person to have held both offices.

Payne Aldrich Act (1909)

Act that provided for free entry to the United States of all Philippine products except rice, sugar, and tobacco. Rice imports were subjected to regular tariffs, and quotas were established for sugar and tobacco.

Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute

controversy over conservation that most tore apart Roosevelt and Taft

Election of 1912

Presidential election where Woodrow Wilson would win the presidency after Theodore Roosevelt and William H. Taft split the Republican vote. Also significant as Eugene Debs would garner almost 1 million votes as the candidate for the Socialist Party.

New Nationalism

PLAN of a president who ran in the Election of 1912; government needs to be strong and intervene/help with domestic issues

WOODROW WILSON (1913-1921)

President who immediately passed the Underwood Tariff and then the Federal Reserve Act and the Clayton Act too

"NEW FREEDOM"

Woodrow Wilson's PLAN that he put into action after he won the Election of 1912

Underwood Tariff Act (1913)

Wilson's tariff that provided cuts to introduce competition into American markets and break the power of trusts. It also led to the implementation of a graduated income tax.

Federal Reserve Act (1914)

Act that established the central bank of the United States to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

A piece of legislation passed by the U.S. Congress in 1914. The act defines unethical business practices, such as price fixing and monopolies, and upholds various rights of labor. Built on the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.

Big Stick Diplomacy

This foreign policy was the idea that one should try negotiating peacefully but also having strength in case things go wrong. Simultaneously negotiating while also threatening with the military. The qualities of the policy were to possess serious military capability that would force the adversary to pay close attention, to act justly toward other nations, never to bluff, to strike only when prepared to strike hard, and the willingness to allow the adversary to save face in defeat.

Great White Fleet

A group of 16 gleaming white ships on a cruise around the world to display the nation's naval power.

Roosevelt Corollary

US will help ANY country in the western hemisphere whenever necessary; intervention in Haiti was one use of this document

Panamanian revolt

In 1903, US supported the revolt in order to gain control of land to make the Panama Canal. US supported Panamanian independence.

Taft's Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created by President William Howard Taft and his secretary of state, Philander C. Knox, to ensure the financial stability of a region (usually in Latin America) while protecting and extending U.S. commercial and financial interests there.

Wilson's Moral Diplomacy

Proposed and practiced by President Woodrow Wilson, it is the system in which support is given only to countries whose beliefs are analogous to that of the nation.

Francisco Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary during a Civil War in the 1910s. On March 9, 1916, he attacked the town of Columbus, New Mexico. His attack was the first on American soil since 1812. The U.S. sent several thousand soldiers across the border to hunt for him. Though they spent over a year searching, they never caught him.

Neutrality

US policy meaning they would not fight on either side of the war.

Lusitania

Germany sunk this English ship on May 7, 1915 during their unrestricted Submarine warfare campaign. 128 Americans would die in the sinking, drawing the ire of a neutral United States during World War I.

Sussex pledge

A declaration by Germany in 1916 resulting in a changed naval policy. It stated that U-boats would not target passenger ships and that merchant ships would not be attacked unless armed.

Zimmerman Note

Great Britain intercepted this note from Germany to the Germany ambassador in Mexico. The note proposed an alliance with Mexico in case of war with U.S. The publication of this intercepted communication inflamed public opinion and led the U.S. to join World War I.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

Force was the first American ground troops to reach the European front. They began arriving in France in the summer of 1917.

Selective Service Act (1917)

This 1917 action authorized the United States federal government to raise a national army for service in World War I through conscription.

War Industries Board (WIB)

The main purpose of the board was to regulate production and manufacturing, as well as allocation of wartime goods. The board was created to standardize production and delivery of goods to ensure that the military had the needed supplies on the battlefront.

Great Migration

The movement of hundreds of thousands of African-Americans from the rural South into northern industrial cities looking for work and opportunity.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Created during WWI to use art, ads and films to influence public perception on the war.

Espionage Act

1917 act calling for jail time for aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers or discouraging loyalty

Sedition Act

An Act of the United States Congress that extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a negative light or interfered with the sale of government bonds.

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's proposal for post-war peace that would essentially set a new world order led by the United States. Europe's refusal to embrace the ideas and the U.S. Congress refusing to ratify the Treaty of Versailles essentially ends this policy attempt.

Treaty of Versailles

The eventual 1919 agreement that ends World War I and decides the post-war order. Its establishment is many times blamed for the conditions that cause World War II.

League of Nations

An international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.

Henry Cabot Lodge

The powerful chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, this Senator is best remembered for his foreign policy views and his opposition to President Woodrow Wilson, helping to stop the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles by the United States.

Marcus Garvey

A Jamaican-born Black nationalist and leader of the Pan-Africanism movement, which sought to unify and connect people of African descent worldwide. He argued while speaking in the United States for a "Back to Africa" movement for Black Americans.

Red Scare

A period during the early 20th-century history of the United States marked by a widespread fear of far-left extremism, including but not limited to Bolshevism and anarchism, due to real and imagined events; real events included the Russian 1917 October Revolution and anarchist bombings.

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities, series of controversial raids by the U.S. Justice and Immigration Departments from 1919 to 1921 on suspected radical leftists in the United States perceived to be a threat to the US government were arrested and jailed. Often times innocent immigrants who had not committed a crime were arrested and jailed.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Two Italian men that were accused of robbing a bank and murder; Anarchists; heighted American fear of foreigners; executed with hardly any proof because of their nationality and political beliefs, Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs.

Return to Normalcy

Famous words of Warren G. Harding , president from 1921 to 1923, feeling that after WWI the United States wanted to step back from so much engagement with Europe.