world history final vocabulary

caravel

a small, fast, maneuverable ship that had a large cargo hold and usually three masts with lateen sails

conquistador

a leader in the Spanish conquest of the Americas

colony

a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control

mercanilism

a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century; it held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver

plantations

large agricultural estates

middle passage

the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas

encomienda

a system of labor the Spanish used in the Americas; Spanish landowners had the right, as granted by Queen Isabella, to use Native Americans as laborers

mita

a labor system that the Spanish administrators in Peru used to draft native people to work in the Spanish landowners' silver mines

mestizo

a person of mixed European and Native American descent

creole

a person of European descent born in Latin America and living there permanently

mulatto

A person of mixed African and European descent

peninsulare

a person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe

export

to send a product or service for sale to another country

inflation

a rapid increase in prices

armada

a fleet of warships

absoultism

A political system in which a ruler holds total power

natural rights

rights with which all humans are born, including the rights to life, liberty, and property

mannerism

an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation

divine right

the belief that the kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God

purtians

English Protestants who felt that the Church of England needed further reform and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship

czar

Russian for caesar; the title used by Russian emperors

roundheads

supporters of the Parliament in the English Civil War

boyar

Russian noble

cavaliers

a supporter of King Charles I in the English Civil War.

commonwealth

uniform system of law that developed in England, replaced law codes that varied from place to place

jannisary

A member of an elite force of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire.

harem

"sacred place"; the private domain of an Ottoman sultan, where he and his wives resided

grand vizer

the Ottoman sultan's chief minister who carried the main burdens of the state and who led the council meetings

pasha

an appointed official of the Ottoman Empire who collected taxes, maintained law and order, and was directly responsible to the sultan's court

sultan

"holder of power"; the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans

ulema

a group of religious advisers to the ottoman sultan; this group administered the legal system and schools for educating Muslims

shah

king of persia

zamindars

a local official in Mongul India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government

gunpowder empire

an empire formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions that they conquered through their mastery of firearms

orthodoxy

traditional beliefs, especially in religion

sutte

the Hindu custom of cremating a widow on her husband's funeral pyre

anarchy

political disorder; lawlessness

queue

the braided pigtail that was traditionally worn by Chinese males

clan

a group of related families

porcelain

a ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high temperatures

isolationist

a policy of national isolation by abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations

daimyo

"great names"; the head of noble families in Japan who controlled vast landed estates and relied on samurai for protection

hans

approximately 250 domains into which Japan was divided under the Tokugawa

hostage system

a system used by the shogunate to control the daimyo in Tokugawa Japan; the family of a daimyo lord was forced to stay at their residence in the capital whenever the lord was absent from it

eta

Japan's outcast class whose way of life was strictly regulated by the Tokugawa

mainland states

a part of a continent, as distinguished from peninsulas or offshore islands

bureaucracy

an administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures

geocentric

Earth-centered; a system of planetary motion in which the sun, moon, and other planets revolve around the Earth

universal law of gravitation

one of Newton's three rules of motion; it explains that planetary bodies continue in elliptical orbits around the sun because every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity.

heliocentric

sun-centered; the system of the universe in which the Earth and planets revolve around the sun

rationalism

a system of thought expounded by René Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

scientific method

a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world

inductive reasoning

the doctrine that scientists should proceed from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories, a process that will lead to correct general principles

philosophe

French for "philosopher"; applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment

separation power

a form of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances

deism

an eighteenth-century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law

laissez-faire

the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone

social contract

the concept proposed by Rousseau that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will, and all individuals should be forced to abide by the general will since it represents what is best for the entire community

salons

the elegant urban drawing rooms where, in the eighteenth century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes

rococo

an artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action

enlightened absolutism

a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers

successor

one who follows, especially one who takes over a throne, title, estate, or office

federal system

a form of government in which power is shared between the national and state governments

estate

a landed property with a large house; one of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the townspeople (Third Estate)

taille

an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy

bourgeoise

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

sans- culottes

"without breeches"; members of the Paris Commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots (in other words, they wore long trousers instead of the fine knee-length breeches of the nobles)

electors

individual qualified to vote in an election

coup d'etat

a sudden overthrow of the government

consulate

the government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as first consul in control of the entire government

nationalism

the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols

conservatism

a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion

principle of intervention

the idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments

liberalism

a political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties—the basic rights of all people—should be protected

Capital

money available for investment

Entrepreneur

a person who finds new business opportunities and new ways to make profits

Cottage Industry

A method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes

Factory System

A system of production where goods are manufactured by machines under one roof, with unskilled labor. Using standardized parts

Puddling

the process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron

industrial capitalism

an economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production

Universal male suffrage

The right of all males to vote in elections

Multinational empire

An empire in which people of many nationalities live

Militarism

reliance on military strength

kaiser

German for "Caesar" the title of the emperors of the second German Empire

Plebiscite

A popular vote

Emancipation

The act of setting free

Abolitionism

A movement to end slavery

Creole

A person of European decent both in Latin America and living there permanently

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Peninsulare

a person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe

Cash crop

Crop that is grown for sale rather than for personal use

Caudillo

In post-revolutionary Latin America, a strong leader who ruled chiefly by military force, usually with the support of the landed elite

Romanticism

Intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the 18th century in reaction to the ideas of Enlightenment, stressed feelings, imagination and emotion

Secularization

Indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration

Naturalization

Rights with which all humans are born, including the rights to life, liberty, language, religion, and property

Realism

mid 19th century movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower and middle class life as it actually was

Assembly line

Pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913, a manufacturing method that allowed much more efficient mass production of goods

Mass production

Production of goods in quantity usually by machinery

Communism

A system of socialism developed by the German writer Karl Marx who believed that the class struggle would end with the collapse of capitalism and new society without classes