Psy 301 midterm Ole Miss

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

Formal operational stage (Piaget)

from ages 12 to adulthood; children can think abstractly and reason hypothetically

reversibility

occurs in middle childhood; the understanding that some things that have changed can return to their original state

reciprocity

changing one quality can be compensated by changes in another

information processing theory

a theory compares the way in which the mind works by computer storing, processing, and retrieving information

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

working memory

consists of information we are immediately and consciously aware of but has limited space

long-term memory

has an unlimited capacity and consists of things that we know or can remember if asked

when is the best time to learn a new language for children?

when the child is school-aged (secondary school)

self-fulfilling prophecy

results when the person tends to act in such a way as to make you predict what will happen will come true and reinforces the power of labeling

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

dyslexia

a disablity that is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition as well as poor spelling and decoding abilities, presenting reading abilities

what is the most commonly diagnosed disability in school-aged children?

dyslexia

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

what is the controversy surrounding ADHD in children?

medicating children with stimulants used as a non-pharmaceutical intervention

aptitude tests

measure a student's ability to learn or identify potential in a particular program

theory of multiple intelligences (Gardner)

Howard Gardner's theory that proposes human intelligence is not a single, unified ability, but rather consists of several different intelligences

what are the multiple intelligences

1. logical, mathematical, linguistic, and spatial are skills that can be measured by IQ tests
2. musical, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and existential skills cannot be measured by IQ tests

triarchic theory of intelligence

Robert Steinberg's cognitive-contextual theory that aims to challenge the psychometric approach to intelligence

what are the three intelligences studied by Steinberg?

1. Academic

2. Creative

3. Practical

Academic intelligence

an intelligence studied by Steinberg that includes the ability to solve problems of logic, verbal comprehension, vocabulary, and spatial abilities

Creative intelligence

an intelligence studied by Steinberg that includes the ability to apply newly found skills to novel situations

Practical intelligence

an intelligence studied by Steinberg that includes the ability to use common sense and to know what is called for in a situation

ecological systems model

Brofenbrenner's theory that helps us to understand an individual by examining the context in which a person lives and the direct and indirect influences on that person's life

What did Lareau and Horvat conclude in 2004?

teachers thought they were open and neutral in their responses to parental involvement but were actuallly more receptive to support coming from parents most similar in race and social class with the teachers

student state

the student focuses on or tries to stay focused on a task, and is passive, compliant, and often frustrated; the student often spends the majority of their day in this state

stress corner state

the child is playful, energetic, excited, and expresses opinions, feelings, and beliefs (only about 66 minutes a day)

home state

occurs when parents or siblings visit the school and might include special privileges or behavioral exemptions

sanctity state

the time in which the child is contemplative, quiet, or prayerful; typically a very brief part of the day

Classification

includes new ways of arranging, categorizing, or creating classes of information and will grow during middle childhood

Concrete operational stage (Piaget)

from ages 7 to 11; children master the use of logic and are able to use inductive reasoning to make conclusions

Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)

from birth to age 2; children develop basic motor skills and learn about the world through their senses

Preoperational stage (Piaget)

from ages 2 to 7; children develop language and symbolic thinking, and learn to imitate and play pretend

autonomy vs shame and guilt

12 months- 3 years toddlers discover their own body and how to control it. When they succeed in doing things for themselves, they gain self-confidence and self-control. However, if they continue to fail and are punished or labeled messy, or sloppy, or bad they feel shame and doubt.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

industry vs inferiority

Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive and industrious where they are gaining a sense of how they measure up when compared with friends

identity vs confusion

teenagers from 12 to 18 work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

intamacy vs isolation

The sixth of Erikson's eight stages of development. Adults ages 18 to 40 seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound loneliness and isolation.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people (ages 40 to 65) begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service

integrity vs dispair

Erikson Stage 8
age 65 +
Either view life as worthwhile or feel dispair because time is running out to create a different life.

what is the most important thing to children during ages 6 to 11?

friendships

popular-prosocial children

tend to do well in school and are cooperative and friendly

popular-antisocial children

may gain populatiry by acting tough or spreading rumors

withdrawn-rejected children

are easy targets for bullies because they are unlikely to retaliate; socially withdrawn

agressive-rejected children

are often disliked by peers and ostracized; may be acting out due to insecurity

neglected children

tend to go unnoticed but are not especially liked or disliked by peers

average children

receive an average number of positive and negative nominations from their peers

controversial children

may be strongly liked or disliked by quite a few peers

what is the sociometric system proposed by Cole and Dodge?

a method for measuring how well-liked or disliked a child is by their peers

Kohlberg's theory of moral development

describes how people develop a sense of right and wrong as they grow, building on Piaget's stages of development

pre-conventional moral development

a superficial understanding of right and wrong with a focus on the direct consequences of actions, avoiding punishment

conventional moral development

the understanding that a good devision is one that gains the approval of others or one that complies with the law with a focus on maintaining social order

post-conventional moral development

the understanding that right and wrong are based on social contract established for the good of everyone or universal principles of right and wrong transcend the self and social convention; includes realizing that not everything is black ad white and thinking about morality in a non-personal way

Short-term consequences of divorce in children

1. grief over losses
2. reduced standard of living
3. adjusting to the transitions of with separated parents ; children experience these in the first year after divorce

long-term consequences of divorce in children

after the first year of a divorce children may experiences changes in
1. economic/occupational status
2. improved relationships with the custodial parent (usually the mother)
3. greater emotional independence in sons when raised by their mother
4. feeling more confident in their own love relationships as adults

childhood sexual abuse

any sexual contact between a child and an adult or much older child

incest

any sexual contact between a child and family members

false self-training

holding a child to adult standards while denying the child's developmental needs

What is the most common health risk in school-aged children?

obesity

What disorders can children develop from negative consequences of divorce?

anxiety and depression