Cells pt.2

cell

smallest unit that carries out all life functions

scientist started looking into primitive microscope

how were cells discovered

hooke

saw chambers under a cork microscope that reminded him of where monks lived and named them cells
hypothezised all organisms are made of cells

schleiden

stated all plants are made of cells; botonist
concluded an embryonic plant arose from a single cell

schwaan

focused on nerve/animal cells
stated all animals are made of cells

virchow

cells come from pre-existing cells

leeuwhenhoek

discovered uni cellular organisms
first to see multiple cells, including red blood cells
first to see nucleus of blood cells

cell theory

living organisms are made of cells, they are the basic structure/organizational unit of all organisms and they come from pre existing cells

prokaryotic cell

-does not have a true nucleus or membrane bound organelles
-blue-green algae, bacteria

eukaryotic cell

-contains membrane bound organelles
-protist ,fungi,plants, animals

prokaryotic:
cell wall:
cell membrane:
nucleus:
endoplasmic reticulum:
gogi:
mitochondria:
chloroplast:
ribosomes:
central vacuole:
chromatin or dna:

✓
✓
x
x
x
x
x
✓
x
✓

eukaryotic plant:
cell wall:
cell membrane:
nucleus:
endoplasmic reticulum:
gogi:
mitochondria:
chloroplast:
ribosomes:
central vacuole:
chromatin or dna:

✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓

eukaryotic animal:
cell wall:
cell membrane:
nucleus:
endoplasmic reticulum:
gogi:
mitochondria:
chloroplast:
ribosomes:
central vacuole:
chromatin or dna:

x
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
x
✓
x
✓

microfilaments and microtubules

form the cytoskeleton (framework) of the animal cell

microfilaments

rod like and provide movement

microtubules

long slender tubes of protiens that provide framework for cell

flagella

-long whip like for movement
-made of microtubles
-ony human cell with this is the sperm cell

cilia

short hair like for movement
-made of microtubles

cell wall

-extra barrier made of cellulose
-outside of plant cell
-support

vacuole

-large and central storage of water

chloroplast

-green cause of chlorophyll
-energy from sun is turned into sugar

microfilaments and microtubules

-form the cytoskeleton (framework) of the animal cell

cell membrane

-semipermeable
-phospholipid bylayar embeded w/ proteins
-protiens act as channels
-contain ID tags
-fluid mosaic model

nucleus

-big large round structure
-surrounded by nuclear envelope
-stains purple usually
-contains nucleus and chromosones
-control center for cell

nucleolus

-small inside nucleus
-makes ribsomes
-has nucleolus plasma (jelly like material)

chromatin

-dna of cell
-function involved with heditary
-blueprint of cell
-chromoson: shortened/condensed/replicated

cytoplasm

-everything in cell membrane beside nucleus
-cytosol: jelly surronding organelle
-organelles are suspended in cytosol
-chemical reaction take place

mitochondria

-bean shaped
-food is converted to energy
-crista: where ATP takes place

ribsome

-smallest, most important
-spherical organelles where protein is synthesized
-located throughout cell rough er
-made of ribosomal rna

rough endosplamic reticulum

-elongated canal like membrane
-connects nuclear envelope or outside of nucleus
-transports proteins

smooth ER

-branching network of tubules
-no ribosomes
-usually connected to rer
-transports lipids
--detoxification of drugs

golgi apparatus

-stacks like pancakes
-secretes and packages

lysosome

-cleans cellular debris
-pinch of golgi
-attach to bacteria cells
-dygestive enzymes

active transport

-no energy required
-molecules go down concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

diffusion

movement of a substance directly across or through channel points

facilitated diffusion

proteins in cell membranes carry molecules across

osmosis

diffusion of water

hypotonic solution

cell swells

hypertonic solution

cell shrinks

isotonic

no change in cell

dynamic equilibrium

a state of balance between continuing processes

cytolosis

the dissolution or disruption of cells

no, it will cause your cells to shrink making your kidneys remove the salt. the water is hypertonic.

should you drink sea water

bulk transport

where it is packaged and either shipped out or brought in

endocytosis

material goes into cell in bulk

exocytosis

material leaves the cell and is packaged and secreted

lipid
protien

what does fluid stand for
what does mosaic stand for

crisper

during hypotonic, a plant cell ______

shrivels

during hypertonic a plant cell _______

microvilli

increases surface area