8- Maslow

Humanistic/Existential

Holistic-dynamic theory

Maslow referred to his theory as - because it assumes that the whole

person is constantly being motivated by one need or another and that people have

the potential to grow toward psychological health

Self-actualization

people must satisfy lower level needs such as hunger,

safety, love, and esteem. Only after they are relatively satisfied in each of these

needs can they reach -

Holistic-dynamic theory

Maslow referred to his theory as - because it assumes that the whole

person is constantly being motivated by one need or another and that people have

the potential to grow toward psychological health

Self-actualization

people must satisfy lower level needs such as hunger,

safety, love, and esteem. Only after they are relatively satisfied in each of these

needs can they reach -

third force

The theories of Maslow, Gordon Allport, Carl Rogers, Rollo May, and

others are sometimes thought of as the - in psychology.

Psychoanalysis

First force was - and its modifications

Behaviorism

Second force was - and its various forms

Abraham Harold (Abe) Maslow

perhaps, the most lonely and miserable childhood

of any person discussed

Will Maslow

he developed a close friendship with his cousin -, an

outgoing, socially active person

Edward B. Titchener

His introductory psychology professor was

-, a renowned pioneer in psychology who taught all his classes

in full academic robes.

holistic approach

Maslow (1970) adopted a - to motivation: That is,

the whole person, not any single part or function, is motivated.

motivation is usually complex

meaning that a person’s behavior may

spring from several separate motives.

people are continually motivated by one need or

another

When one need is satisfied, it ordinarily loses its motivational power and

is then replaced by another need.

Hierarchy of needs

concept assumes that lower level needs must be

satisfied or at least relatively satisfied before higher level needs become motivators.

conative needs

The five needs composing this hierarchy are -, meaning that they

have a striving or motivational character.

basic needs

These needs, which Maslow often

referred to as -, can be arranged on a hierarchy or staircase, with each

ascending step representing a higher need but one less basic to survival

prepotency

Lower level needs have - over higher level needs; that is, they must

be satisfied or mostly satisfied before higher level needs become activated

1. Physiological

2. Safety

3. Love and belongingness

4. Esteem

5. Self-actualization

following needs in order of their prepotency

Physiological needs

most basic needs of any person

Physiological needs

are the most prepotent of all

Safety needs

When people have partially satisfied their physiological needs, they become motivated by

Safety needs

physical security, stability, dependency, protection,

and freedom from threatening forces such as war, terrorism, illness, fear,

anxiety, danger, chaos, and natural disasters

Basic anxiety

They spend far more

energy than do healthy people trying to satisfy safety needs, and when they are

not successful in their attempts, they suffer from

Love and belongingness needs

After people partially satisfy their physiological and safety needs, they become

motivated by -

Love and belongingness needs

such as the desire for friendship; the

wish for a mate and children; the need to belong to a family, a club, a neighborhood,

or a nation

Love and belongingness needs

also include some aspects of sex and human

contact as well as the need to both give and receive love

Esteem needs

include self-respect, confidence, competence, and

the knowledge that others hold them in high esteem.

Reputation

the perception

of the prestige, recognition, or fame a person has achieved in the eyes of

others

Self-esteem

a person’s own feelings of worth and confidence

Self-esteem

it reflects a “desire for

strength, for achievement, for adequacy, for mastery and competence, for confidence

in the face of the world, and for independence and freedom

Self-actualization needs

include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s

potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the word

Aesthetic and cognitive needs

The satisfaction of - is consistent with psychological health

Neurotic needs

lead to pathology whether or not they are satisfied.

Aesthetic needs

not universal, but at least some people

in every culture seem to be motivated by the need for beauty and

pleasing experiences

Aesthetic needs

People with strong - desire beautiful and orderly surroundings,

and when these needs are not met, they become sick in the same way that they become

sick when their conative needs are frustrated

Cognitive needs

desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand, and to be

curious

Cognitive needs

when - are blocked, all needs on Maslow’s hierarchy are threatened; that is, knowledge

is necessary to satisfy each of the five conative needs

Neurotic needs

lead only to stagnation and pathology

Neurotic needs

are nonproductive. They perpetuate an unhealthy

style of life and have no value in the striving for self-actualization

85%

the hypothetical average person has his or her needs

satisfied to approximately these levels: physiological?

70%

the hypothetical average person has his or her needs

satisfied to approximately these levels: safety?

50%

the hypothetical average person has his or her needs

satisfied to approximately these levels: love and belongingness?

40%

the hypothetical average person has his or her needs

satisfied to approximately these levels: esteem?

10%

the hypothetical average person has his or her needs

satisfied to approximately these levels: self-actualization?

Expressive behavior

which is often unmotivated

Expressive behavior

is often an end in itself and serves no other purpose than

to be.

Expressive behavior

It is frequently unconscious and usually takes place naturally and with little

effort

Expressive behavior

It has no goals or aim but is merely the person’s mode of expression.

includes such actions as slouching, looking stupid, being

relaxed, showing anger, and expressing joy.

Coping behavior

which is always motivated and aimed at satisfying a need

Coping behavior

is ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned,

and determined by the external environment

Coping behavior

It involves the individual’s attempts

to cope with the environment; to secure food and shelter; to make friends; and to

receive acceptance, appreciation, and prestige from others

Metapathology

Deprivation of self-actualization needs also leads to pathology, or more

accurately

Metapathology

the absence of

values, the lack of fulfillment, and the loss of meaning in lif

Instinctoid needs

some human needs are innately determined even

though they can be modified by learning

Love, esteem, and self-actualization

Higher level needs

Physiological and safety

Lower level needs

1. Ruth Benedict

2. Max Wertheimer

these two people represented the highest level of human development

Good Human Being

Maslow began to take notes on these two people; and he hoped to find others whom

he could call a

self-actualizing person

Maslow faced additional handicaps

in his quest for whom he now

called the

B-values

self-actualizing people are motivated by the “eternal

verities,” what he called

B-values

indicators of psychological

health and are opposed to deficiency needs, which motivate non-self-actualizers

Metaneeds

Maslow termed B-values “-” to indicate that they are the ultimate level of

needs.

Metamotivation

He distinguished between ordinary need motivation and the motives of selfactualizing

people, which he called

Metamotivation

is characterized by expressive rather than coping behavior

and is associated with the B-values

Metamotivation

Maslow’s tentative answer

to the problem of why some people have their lower needs satisfied, are capable

of giving and receiving love, possess a great amount of confidence and self-esteem,

and yet fail to pass over the threshold to self-actualization

metapathology

Deprivation of any of the B- values

results in -, or the lack of a meaningful philosophy of life.

1. Truth

2. Goodness

3. Beauty

4. Wholeness

5. Aliveness

6. Uniqueness

7. Perfection

8. Completion

9. Justice

10. Simplicity

11. Totality

12. Effortlessness

13. Humor

14. Autonomy

14 b-values

1. More efficient perception of reality

2. Acceptance of self, others, and nature

3. Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness

4. Problem-centering

5. Need for privacy

6. Autonomy

7. Continued Freshness of appreciation

8. Peak experience

9. Gemeinschaftsgefühl

10. Profound interpersonal relations

11. Demcratic character structure

12. Discrimination between means and ends

13. Philosophical sense of humor

14. Creativeness

15. Resistance to enculturation

Maslow (1970) listed 15 tentative qualities that characterize self-actualizing

people to at least some degree.

Peak experiences

many of his people had had experiences that were mystical in nature and

that somehow gave them a feeling of transcendence

Peak experiences

unmotivated, nonstriving, and nonwishing, and during

such an experience, a person experiences no needs, wants, or deficiencies

D-love

deficiency love common to other people

B-love

love

for the essence or “Being” of the other.

B-love

mutually felt and shared and not

motivated by a deficiency or incompleteness within the lover

desacralization

type of science that lacks emotion,

joy, wonder, awe, and rapture

Rescralize

Scientists must be willing to

- science or to instill it with human values, emotion, and ritual

Taoistic attitude

Maslow (1966) argued for a - for psychology, one that would

be noninterfering, passive, and receptive

Personal Orientation Inventory (POI)

attempt to measure the values and behaviors of self-actualizing people

Time Competence/Time Incompetence scale

measures the degree to which people are

present oriented

Support scale

designed to measure

whether an individual’s mode of reaction is characteristically ‘self’ oriented or

‘other’ oriented

Jonah Complex

fear of being one’s best