Anatomy II: Chapter 23 pt 2

What allows the passage of food, fluids, and air?

The laryngopharynx.

What connects the pharynx to the stomach?

The esophagus.

What is the responsibility of the gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter?

Preventing acid reflux into the esophagus.

What type of tissue lines the esophageal mucosa?

Stratified squamous epithelium.

What does swallowing (deglutition) involve?

The tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus.

Which phase of swallowing is voluntary?

Buccal phase.

The stomach's function includes…

• Storing ingested food

• Beginning protein digestion

• Converting food into chyme

What helps churn and mix food in the stomach?

The stomach's extra layer of muscle (oblique layer).

What are the folds in the stomach that allow it to expand called?

Rugae.

Which cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

Parietal

What is the function of intrinsic factor secreted by the stomach?

Facilitates vitamin B12 absorption.

What do chief cells in the stomach produce?

Pepsinogen.

What is pepsin responsible for digesting?

Proteins.

Which bacteria is commonly associated with peptic ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori.

What condition occurs when stomach acid regurgitates into the esophagus?

Heartburn.

What occurs during a hiatal hernia?

Part of the stomach moves above the diaphragm.

Which phase of gastric secretion occurs before food enters the stomach?

Cephalic (reflex) phase.

What causes an increase in gastric secretion?

Distension of the stomach.

Which hormone stimulates gastric secretion?

Gastrin.

The small intestine runs from the _______ to the _______.

Stomach to the large intestine.

Which part of the small intestine is the shortest?

Duodenum.

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

Nutrient absorption.

What are the circular folds in the small intestine called?

Plicae circulares.

Which organ is the largest gland in the body?

Liver.

What is the primary function of bile?

Emulsify fats.

What is the gallbladder's main role?

Store and concentrate bile.

What is the pancreas's endocrine function?

Producing insulin and glucagon.

What condition is characterized by yellowing of the skin due to bile accumulation?

Jaundice.

Cirrhosis is primarily caused by what?

Chronic alcoholism and liver disease.

What hormone stimulates bile release from the gallbladder?

Cholecystokinin (CCK).

The esophagus joins the stomach at the…

cardiac orifice

Surrounding the cardiac orifice is the _______________.

Gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter

What is known as voluntary swallowing?

buccal phase

What is known as involuntary swallowing controlled by the medulla and pons?

pharyngeal/esophageal phase

What happens during the buccal phase that initiates the involuntary phase of swallowing?

the tongue presses against the hard palate, forcing the food bolus into the oropharynx, where the involuntary phase begins

When the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes, food is able to enter the _______.

esophagus

What part of the stomach allows the stomach to churn, mix, and pummel food physically?

Muscularis (has an oblique layer)

What region of the stomach surround cardiac orifice?

cardiac

What region of the stomach is the dome-shaped region beneath the diaphragm?

fundus

What region of the stomach is known as the “midportion”?

body

What region of the stomach terminates at pylorus pyloric sphincter leads to duodenum?

pyloric

HCl is secreted by what?

parietal cells

What does HCl do in the stomach?

• lowers pH

• kills microbes

• breaks down cell walls and connective tissue of food

What produces pepsinogen?

Chief cells

Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin by…

• HCl in the stomach

• pepsin itself via positive feedback

Pepsin functions to ________ (proteolytic).

break down proteins into smaller peptides

Mucous neck cells, in the stomach, secrete _______.

mucus

___________ cells secrete chemical messengers.

Enteroendocrine

_________ is known as inflammation caused by anything that breaches the mucosal barrier.

Gastritis

What is related to the erosions of the stomach wall?

peptic or gastric ulcers

This phase prepares the stomach to receive food, it is…

excitatory phase (another name: cephalic)

Carbohydrates (limited) are digested by…

salivary amylase

What runs from the pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve?

Small intestine

What is the name of the subdivision that’s the first 10 inches of the small intestine?

Duodenum

What is the name of the central portion (8 inches) of the small intestine?

Jejunum

What is the name of the last 12 inches of the small intestine?

Ileum

What are the deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa?

plicae circulares

What are the fingerlike extensions of the mucosa found on each plicae (velvety)?

villi

What are the tiny projections of absorptive epithelial cells’ plasma membranes?

microvilli

In the small intestine, the mucosa is mainly composed of…

absorptive simple columnar cells

The payer’s patch is found where in the small intestine?

submucosa

In the small intestine, Brunner’s glands (duodenal glands) secrete…

alkaline mucus

Why is intestinal juice secreted?

in response to distension or irritation of mucosa

What are the functional units of the liver?

liver lobules

Liver lobules are composed of ________ (liver cells).

hepatocytes

What are enlarged, leaky capillaries located between hepatic plates?

liver sinusoids

What are hepatic macrophages found in liver sinusoids?

Kupffer cells

What causes the gallbladder to contract and bile enters the duodenum?

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Which function secretes pancreatic juice that breaks down all categories of foodstuff?

exocrine function

Which function releases insulin and glucagon?

endocrine function

_________ causes liver cells to take in glucose and store it in the form of glycogen.

Insulin

________ is a hormone that increases blood glucose levels by promoting the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

Glucagon

The pancreas releases its buffering solution and enzymes in response to…

regulatory hormones (CCK and secretin) released by the duodenum.

Carbohydrates are broken down into __________.

simple sugars (monoscharides)

Protein is broken down into __________ and then to _______.

peptides; amino acids

Lipids (fats) are broken down into __________.

fatty acids

Nucleic acid is broken down into __________.

nucleotides

What are the 3 functions of the liver?

metabolic regulation, hematological regulation, and bile production

The liver establishes ________ concentration of blood.

osmotic

What is the largest blood reservoir in body?

liver

The liver receives ____ of cardiac output.

25%

The liver inactivates circulating hormones including…

insulin, angiotensinogen, and epinephrine

What stores glycogen, fat-soluble vitamins, and iron?

the liver

Bile eventually leaves the liver via the ____________________.

common hepatic duct

Bile salts consist of…

bilirubin (color) and cholesterol

The chief bile pigment is _______, a waste of product of heme.

bilirubin

What is the medical diagnosis for when bile is absorbed into the blood and gives tissues a yellow tint?

Jaundice

What is known as progressive, chronic inflammation typically results from alcoholism?

Cirrhosis

What does NAFLD stand for?

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

What is the most common liver disease in North America?

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Acidic, fatty chyme causes the duodenum to release _____________.

Cholecystokinin

What makes glucose levels rise?

glucagon

What causes glucose levels to decrease?

Insulin