Anatomy II: Chapter 23 pt 2

1. Which of the following allows passage of food, fluids, and air?
   a) Esophagus
   b) Trachea
   c) Laryngopharynx
   d) Duodenum

2. The esophagus connects the:
   a) Pharynx to the stomach
   b) Stomach to the small intestine
   c) Mouth to the pharynx
   d) Small intestine to the large intestine

3. The gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter is responsible for:
   a) Preventing acid reflux into the esophagus
   b) Mixing food with digestive enzymes
   c) Secreting mucus into the esophagus
   d) Absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream

4. What type of tissue lines the esophageal mucosa?
   a) Simple squamous epithelium
   b) Stratified squamous epithelium
   c) Simple columnar epithelium
   d) Transitional epithelium

2. Swallowing & Stomach Function

5. Swallowing (deglutition) involves:
   a) The stomach and intestines
   b) The tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus
   c) The large intestine and liver
   d) Only the esophagus

6. Which phase of swallowing is voluntary?
   a) Buccal phase
   b) Pharyngeal phase
   c) Esophageal phase
   d) Intestinal phase

7. The stomach's function includes all of the following EXCEPT:
   a) Storing ingested food
   b) Beginning protein digestion
   c) Absorbing most nutrients
   d) Converting food into chyme

8. The stomach’s extra layer of muscle (oblique layer) helps:
   a) Increase absorption
   b) Churn and mix food
   c) Produce digestive enzymes
   d) Neutralize stomach acid

9. The folds in the stomach that allow it to expand are called:
   a) Villi
   b) Microvilli
   c) Rugae
   d) Crypts

3. Stomach Secretions

10. Which cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
    a) Chief cells
    b) Mucous neck cells
    c) Parietal cells
    d) Enteroendocrine cells

11. What is the function of intrinsic factor secreted by the stomach?
    a) Aids in protein digestion
    b) Facilitates vitamin B12 absorption
    c) Neutralizes stomach acid
    d) Lubricates food for digestion

12. Chief cells in the stomach produce:
    a) Pepsinogen
    b) Gastrin
    c) Mucus
    d) Bicarbonate

13. Pepsin is responsible for digesting:
    a) Carbohydrates
    b) Fats
    c) Proteins
    d) Nucleic acids

4. Digestive Disorders

14. Which bacteria is commonly associated with peptic ulcers?
    a) E. coli
    b) Helicobacter pylori
    c) Streptococcus
    d) Lactobacillus

15. What condition occurs when stomach acid regurgitates into the esophagus?
    a) Peptic ulcer
    b) Heartburn
    c) Gastritis
    d) Hiatal hernia

16. A hiatal hernia occurs when:
    a) Part of the stomach moves above the diaphragm
    b) The small intestine pushes into the stomach
    c) The liver enlarges abnormally
    d) The large intestine becomes inflamed

5. Gastric Regulation

17. Which phase of gastric secretion occurs before food enters the stomach?
    a) Gastric phase
    b) Cephalic (reflex) phase
    c) Intestinal phase
    d) Esophageal phase

18. Gastric secretion increases in response to:
    a) Low stomach pH
    b) Distension of the stomach
    c) High fat content in food
    d) The presence of bile

19. Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating gastric secretion?
    a) Secretin
    b) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
    c) Gastrin
    d) Insulin

6. Small Intestine Function

20. The small intestine runs from the ______ to the _______.
    a) Stomach to the large intestine
    b) Liver to the pancreas
    c) Esophagus to the stomach
    d) Large intestine to the rectum

21. Which part of the small intestine is the shortest?
    a) Duodenum
    b) Jejunum
    c) Ileum
    d) Cecum

22. The primary function of the small intestine is:
    a) Nutrient absorption
    b) Storage of bile
    c) Producing digestive enzymes
    d) Mixing food with acid

23. The circular folds in the small intestine are called:
    a) Plicae circulares
    b) Villi
    c) Microvilli
    d) Rugae

7. Accessory Organs

24. Which organ is the largest gland in the body?
    a) Stomach
    b) Liver
    c) Pancreas
    d) Gallbladder

25. The primary function of bile is to:
    a) Digest proteins
    b) Emulsify fats
    c) Break down carbohydrates
    d) Absorb vitamins

26. The gallbladder’s main role is to:
    a) Produce bile
    b) Store and concentrate bile
    c) Absorb fatty acids
    d) Break down proteins

27. The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. Its endocrine function includes:
    a) Producing pancreatic juice
    b) Secreting bile
    c) Producing insulin and glucagon
    d) Storing nutrients

8. Digestive Disorders & Bile Secretion

28. What condition is characterized by yellowing of the skin due to bile accumulation?
    a) Hepatitis
    b) Cirrhosis
    c) Jaundice
    d) Gastritis

29. Cirrhosis is primarily caused by:
    a) Bacterial infections
    b) High cholesterol
    c) Chronic alcoholism and liver disease
    d) Overproduction of bile

30. What hormone stimulates bile release from the gallbladder?
    a) Gastrin
    b) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
    c) Secretin
    d) Insulin