Biology Midterm Study Guide

Credits and huge thanks to Molly for the doc and everyone else for helping with answers. :D

Robert Hooke

First to use the term "cell."

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

First person to discover tiny microscopic living organisms.

Rudolf Virchow

Discovered that all cells come from existing cells.

Matthias Schleiden

Discovered that all plants are made of cells.

Theodore Schwann

Discovered that all animals are made of cells.

Mitochondria

The Powerhouse of the cell, generates molecules of ATP that are used for cellular activities (powers the cell)

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Nucleus

Control center for the cell, Where the DNA is found, Found in plants and animal cells (tells the cell what to do)

Lysosomes

Cellular stomach, Digests old organelles and food vacuoles, gets rid of by-products

What's the by-product of cellular respiration?

Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

Biological Levels of Organization

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organisms

Difference between cell wall and cell membrane

Plants have cell walls, animals don't (they have cell membranes).

When are centrioles active?

During cell division

What are cells made of?

Organelles

Microscope

The first tool to allow scientists to see cells.

Diffusion

Process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

Process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels (needs carrier proteins)

Pinocytosis

Liquid materials (cell drinking)

Phagocytosis

Solid materials (cell eating)

Cilia

Hair looking structure that helps cells move

Flagella

A tail-like structure that helps cells move

What are 3 types of reproduction is prokaryotes?

Endospores, binary fission, and conjugation

Define "lysogenic infection"

After a virus infects a cell, it embeds itself in the host's genetic material allowing itself to replicate through cell division. It will eventually enter the lytic cycle.

Define "lytic Infection"

The phage injects its genetic material into the host's cell, the phage replicates its DNA and protein is made. And finally, the cell lyses and releases phage.

Difference between archaea and bacteria?

Archaea doesn't have peptoglycin in the cell wall

Describe bacterial conjugation

Builds a temporary union between 2 organisms in order to transfer genetic material.

Define "bacteriophage"

Type of virus that infects bacteria.

Difference between virus and other microorganisms?

Viruses are not living and need a host to reproduce/survive, other microorganism don't.

Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration

They're opposites of each other

Photosynthesis

Reactants : Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

Resultants: Oxygen and Glucose (6 O2 + C6H12O6)

Cellular respiration

Reactants: Oxygen and Glucose

Resultants: Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

What happens during electron transport?

The energy captured by NADH and FADH2 is used to synthesize ATP

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Aerobic is with oxygen, anaerobic is without oxygen

Another name for the Krebs cycle

The Citric Acid Cycle

What happens during glycolysis and where does it take place?

In glycolysis, glucose molecules are broken down into 2 pyruvic acid molecules. This happens within the cytoplasm.

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

The matrix of the mitochondria.

Fermentation (Where? By-product? Definition?)

Where : In the cytoplasm

By-product : Alcohol and lactic acid

Definition : The release of energy without the presence of oxygen

Compare Autotrophs to heterotrophs

Autotrophs: Make their own food

Heterotrophs: Get their food from other sources

Compare 2 types of fermentation

Alcohol fermentation: Occurs in plants, produces ethyl alcohol

Lactic acid fermentation: Occurs in animals, produces lactic acid

Name the three parts of cellular respiration and their reactants and resultants

Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid (2 ATP formed)

Krebs Cycle: Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide (2 ATP formed)

Electron Transport Chain: NADH and FADH2 are used to convert ADP into ATP (34 ATP formed)

Compare plant and animal cells:

Animal : Cell membrane, shape is not defined, many mitochondria, no photosynthesis, no chloroplasts

Plant : Cell wall, defined shape, photosynthesis, fewer mitochondria, carry on fermentation

3 types of bacteria, their shapes, and movement

Types : Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Shapes : Bacilli (rod), cocci (sphere), spirilla (spiral)

Movement : Flagella, pilli, external forces (wind), glide on secretions

What are the 3 part of cell theory?

All living things are made of cells

All cells are the structure and function of all living things

Cells are made from existing cells