institutions of government

congress power

lay taxes, borrow money, coin money, declare war, raise army, interstate commerce, & tribunals

MONEY & WAR

gerrymandering

manipulate district to harm group

packing- put all into one

cracking- spread out

kidnapping- move candidate into other

Shaw vs Reno

racial gerrymandering is unconsitiutional

North Carolina reno deny redistricting bc want 2 districts that can have black winner

Shaw win 5-4 that its unconstitutional to divide by race(even if for good) bc 14th amendment equal protection

congress delegate role

vote way think citizens want them to (polls)

congress trustee role

picked bc they trust me

have personal convictions

pork barrel legislation

bill bloats after legislators add extras

pork- add extra costs

earmark

dibs on slice of money for a project (bridge to nowhere)

filibusters

tactic to delay & block vote be elongating the debate. keep talking

congress form

mirrors public consensus but designed to slow it down

baker vs carr

Tennessee have old district lines with unequal population

Baker win 6-2 bc deny 14th amendment of equal protection under law

require states to draw equal pop. districts

presidential cabinet

heads of departments & meet every now and then

presidential staff

around prez daily, give suggestions, and window on the world

White House press secrtary

spokesperson for president- keeps them in dark so dont lie

daily briefings & w/ nat. security council

executive orders

regulation from prez with effect of law

weaker bc easier to reverse

kept- emergency state after 9/11 bc power

signing statements

accompanies signiture on passed law

details interpretaion and plan to enforce

ex) McCain Detainee decide what torture is

tariffs

economic power to change tax

raise= hostility, good price up, encourage US made, & $$ to gov. not from citizens

unitary executive

only one with complete executive power

vesting clause- exec power vested in prez

take care clause- laws faithfully executed

imperial presidency

criticism of extended power of prez & their beleif they are above the law

bully pulpit

presidents platform & influence used to persuade

war powers act

if troops deploy, must not stay for more than 60 days without congress approve

president notify congress if commit troops(48)

voted over the Nixon veto

vice president power

how ever prez wants

Chaney- a lot

LBJ & Truman- very little

senate president

for VP, only vote if tie

Gerald Ford

offer pardon to ex prez Nixon

judicial review

decide if other branch commints unconstit

due to madbury vs madion

judicial activism

constiution changes & bolder policy

judicial restraint

constitution by founders way & stick to precedent

stare decisis

courts look to previous case during new one

rule of four

4 justices to grant writ of certiorai(case moves to supreme court) 

1% acceptance rate

republican justices

Clarence, John, Sam, Neil, Brett, and Amy

(sam never buys annie chunky jelly)

democratic justices

Sonia, Elena, Ketanji

(Elena knows shiz)

bureaucracy

unit established to accomplish objectives set by legslative body

president with bureaucracy

select heads & leadership team

apart of executive branch

bureaucrats

poloitcal appointees & a bunch of civil service

FBI vs CIA

FBI- regulate states & w/ police(9/11, mob, watergate)

CIA- spy & foreign manipulation(wars)

red tape

excessive regulation that slows down beaucracies

civil service

intended to be meritocracy(what you know)

against patronage- thru personal loyalty

goals of bureaucracy

implement laws, make/emforce rules, & settle disputes

independent regulatory agencies

created by congress but are ind. of executive

ex) Federal Reserve System(central bank)

ex) Fed. Communication Commsion(regulate)

fiscal policy

budget & national debt

megatrend of debt

mandatory(promises) growing in total spending

tax overall

republican- preserve tax cuts

democratic- preserve entitlement spending

16th amend- create fed. income tax

progressive taxation

more money you make=more tax percent

regressive taxation

state taxes on certain products

monetary policy

federal reserve bank

regular bureaucracy 

FBI & protect national security

monopolistic model bure.

little reason to be more efficient

webarian model bure.

classic to help repeat tasks

more complex life=increase demands of gov.

acquisitive model bure.

competitive and power hungry

why congress gives agencies powers

lacks expertise, time consuming, & more effiecnt

how congress ensures leg. intent

oversight, budget appropiations, hearings, & legislative veto