Exam 3: Anatomy and physiology

The central nervous system includes what structure(s)?

brain AND spinal cord

What part of the peripheral nervous system includes neurons that carry information away from the central nervous system to muscles and glands?

Efferent division neurons

Nissl bodies are what make gray matter appear gray. What are Nissl bodies?

Ribosomes in the cell body AND rough ER in the cell body

What type of neuron primarily carries sensory information from the periphery toward the CNS?

Unipolar neurons

What type of neuron carries motor information from the CNS to the skeletal muscles?

Multipolar neurons

Proprioceptors are sensory receptors that gather what type of information and help send it to the CNS?

Joint position

Collections of nervous cell bodies in the CNS are called what?

Nuclei

What type of neurological cell maintains the blood-brain barrier?

Astrocytes

What type of neurological cell myelinates axons in the PNS?

Schwann cells

What advantage does myelin give to the function of an axon?

Faster action potential propagation

What type of neuron axon conducts action potentials the fastest?

Type A fibers

The fastest action potentials are transmitted with what kind of propagation?

Saltatory Propagation

What neurotransmitter is released by motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine

A decrease in neurons that produce dopamine in the substantia nigra, results in what disease?

Parkinson's disease

Which answer is an example of presynaptic facilitation?

Release of a neurotransmitter at an axoaxonic synapse that triggers voltage-gated Ca++ channels to stay open longer than normal

A postsynaptic cell can be a neuron, a muscle fiber, or a gland cell. A presynaptic cell is always a neuron.

True

A chemical that alters the effect a neurotransmitter has on a postsynaptic membrane is called what?

A neuromodulator

Neurotransmitters have what effect on a postsynaptic membrane?

All of the above

Which of the following arteries supply the brain with blood?

Internal carotid arteries

The brainstem includes the cerebellum.

False

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates around the brain in what space?

Subarachnoid space

The diencephalon includes what structures?

Pineal gland AND thalamus

The amygdaloid body, dentate gyrus, and hippocampus are all part of what neural system?

Limbic system

Nuclei that regulate of the pace of respiration are found in what brain region?

Medula oblongata

What part of the brain monitors proprioceptive sensory information and helps us maintain balance. Damage here results in ataxia.

Cerebellum

Gray matter is found where in the cerebrum?

Cortex

The gyrus directly anterior to the central sulcus contains what?

Primary motor cortex

Raised areas on the surface of the cerebrum are called what?

Gyri

What meningeal fold (dural fold) forms a separation between the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

Falx cerebri

What region of the brain is known as the sensory relay center?

Thalamus

The central sulcus separates what two lobes of the cerebrum?

Frontal and parietal

What type of fibers (axons) connect the primary sensory cortex in the right cerebral hemisphere to the somatic sensory association area in the right cerebral hemisphere?

Association fibers

Where in the cerebrum is the primary sensory cortex?

Postcentral gyrus

Most fibers (axons) that cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other pass through what structure?

Corpus callosum

In what cerebral lobe is the visual cortex?

Occipital

If you cut your finger, neurons that carry pain information fire action potentials to the CNS. At what point do you become conscious/aware that you are in pain?

When the signal reaches the cerebral cortex

What part of the PNS carries sensory information?

Afferent division

When a person has subdural hematoma, where is the blood pooling?

In the space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater

In a myelinated axon, the unmyelinated regions of the axon are called what?

Nodes of Ranvier

If passive (leak) channels are constantly letting Na+ into the neuron and K+ out of the neuron, how is resting potential maintained?

Action of the ATPase pump

Chemically-gated channels are typically found where in a neuron?

Cell body, dendrites, and axon hillock

Opening of chemically-gated Na+ channels on a postsynaptic neuron plasma membrane results in what?

EPSP AND graded potential

(43-45) Please put these steps of Wallerian degeneration following the severing of an axon in order from what happens first to what happens last…

A. Schwann cells multiply

B. Macrophages clean up debris

C. Axon distal to the injury site degenerates

C

B

A

(46-50) Please put these steps of plasma membrane voltage changes that occur during an action potential in neurons in order from what happens first to what happens last…

A. Voltage gated potassium channels start to close

B. Chemically-gated Na+ channels open _ a depolarizing-graded potential (EPSP)

C. Threshold is reached

D. Hyperpolarization of plasma membrane

E. Inactivation gates on voltage-gated Na+ channels close

B

C

E

A

D

**CHECK TO MAKE SURE E/D ARE IN THE RIGHT PLACES