final

water balance, solute concentration, acid base balance

urinary system 3 functions?

gametogenesis, spermatogenesis, oogenesis

the process in which cells undergo meiosis to form gametes. What are the 2 types?

females

does fertilization occur in males or females?

urinary system

Major organ system that plays a role in homeostasis via excretion of metabolic waste and hormone secretion

kidneys

Bean-shaped organs located underneath the parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity

ureter, renal artery, renal vein

what are the 3 tubes that attach to each kidney?

ureter

tube for urine flow from a kidney to the urinary bladder

renal artery

takes blood from the abdominal aorta to the kidney

renal vein

carries blood away from the kidney to the caudal vena cava

renal capsule

fibrous tissue surrounding the kidney

renal pelvis

compartment collects urine and funnels it to the ureter

outer renal cortex

region of the kidney where blood filtration occurs

inner renal medulla

region of the kidney where filtrate is converted into urine

renal pyramids

structures with their bases located next to the cortex while their tips project into the renal pelvis

urinary bladder

transiently stores urine until it is eliminated from the body

urethra

small tube extending from the urinary bladder to the outside

vaginal vestibule

female urethra carries urine only and connects to the vagina giving rise to the __?_. __?_

urine, semen

male urethra carries both __?_ and __?_

testis

gonads responsible for sperm production (spermatogenesis in the seminiferoustubules); descend from the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal to reside in a pouch(scrotal sacs)

epididymis

Sperm cell is non-motile upon arrival at the __?_ and remains for \~18h before developing motility

epididymis

C-shaped structure wrapping around each testis

vas (ductus) deferens

tube running from the epididymis to the urethra

urethra

takes semen and urine from the urinary bladder through the penis

copulatory

the penis is a __?_ organ

urogenital opening

opening through which urine and semen exit the body

seminiferous tubules (in testis), epididymis, vas deferens, urethra (in penis), urogenital opening

journey of sperm (in order)

seminiferous tubules

spermatogenesis occurs in the __?_. __?_

vas deferens, urethra

\n Upon ejaculation, the sperm travels from the __?_ __?_ to the __?_

semen

fluid consisting of sperm and various glandular secretions

seminal veicles

simple tubular glands located posteroinferior to the urinary bladder and dorsally tothe urethra proximal to the junction with the ductus deferens and are involved in secreting fructose andprostaglandins

prostate gland

small gland located between the seminal vesicles and functions in buffering the pHof the vagina (acidic) via secretions

bulbourethral gland

glands located in the abdominal that secrete mucus.  located beneath the prostate gland at the beginning of the internal portion of the penis; they add fluids to semen during the process of ejaculation

ovaries

gonads involved in the production of ova (eggs) located in the abdominal cavity

fallopian tubes

two small convoluted tubes lined with cilia leading from the ovaries to the uterus where they become the horn of the uterus

horn, median body

left and right uterine __?_ unite to form the __?_ __?_ of the uterus

uterus body

__?_ __?_leads into the cervix

cervix

lower narrow portion of the uterus where it connects to the top of the vagina; theinside contain transverse ridges (semi-rigid)

vaginal opening

where menstrual blood leaves your body, and babies are born through

urogenital (urethral) opening

where urinary system products leave the female body

placenta

composed of maternal (mother’s endometrium) and fetal (embryo’s chorionicvesicle) tissues◦ Performs digestive, respiratory and urinary functions for the fetus

chorionic vesicle, chorion, allantois

__?_ envelopes the embryo and consists of an outer membrane (__?_) and an inner membrane (__?_)

amnion

thin membranous sac filled with fluid that surrounds the embryo and functions in protection

umbilical cord, umbilical vein, umbilical arteries

__?_ joins the chorionic vesicle to the embryo and contains one vein (__?_ )and a pair of arteries (__?_)

umbilical vein

(part of umbilical cord) supplies the fetus with oxygen and nutrient-rich blood from the placenta

umbilical arteries

(part of umbilical cord) return oxygen and nutrient-poor blood

kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

order of pee

ethology

science that examines animal behavior

ethogram

quantitative description of an animal‘s normal behavior (**frequencies** of behavior)

behavior

organism’s response to environmental stimuli

learned behavior

animal behavior that depends on experience

innate behavior

animal behavior that is inherited and exhibited by nearly all individuals of a species

proximate cause

immediate physiological events that lead to an animal’s behavior

ultimate cause

adaptive value/evolutionary origin of an animal’s behavior

taxis

movement directly towards/away from a stimulus

kinesis

undirected, random movement in response to a stimulus

agonistic

behavior between animals in conflict: can be aggressive or submissive

reproductive

behavior that includes courting and mating (species-specific)

social intraspecific

behavior among individuals of the same species

social interspecific

behavior among individuals of different species

non-social

behavior that is stationary, looking off, movement to get comfortable

body maintenance

behavior like scratching or nose picking

feeding

behavior when eating

locomotion

behavior when animal shows movement to get from one place to another

cell division

mitotic divisions to increase cell number

differentiation

cells differentiate into specialized cells

morphogenesis

formation of a specific body form and organization

cleavage

fertilized egg (zygote) undergoes successive rapid mitotic division; forms morula) where the individual cells get smaller

blastula, blastocoel

__?_ is a hollow ball of cells with a central cavity known as the __?_

blastulation

formation of a blastula from the morula

gastrulation

formation of the gut and determination of basic body plan via cell division, migration and rearrangement (produces 2 or 3 primary embryonic germ layers)

• cells on the surface invaginate inward (into blastocoel) and give rise to the Archenteron

blastopore

site of invagination of gastrula

anus, mouth

blastopore gives rise to __?_ in deuterostomes and __?_ in protostomes

protostomes

which “stome” are mollusks, annelids, and arthropods?

deuterostomes

which “stome” are echinoderms and chordates

spiral, determinate

protostomes have __?_ and __?_ cleavage

radial, indeterminate

deuterostomes have __?_ and __?_ cleavage

mesoderm (schizocoelous)

in protostomes __?_ splits to form coelom

archenteron (enterocoelus)

in deuterostomes __?_ splits to form coelom

neurulation

formulation of central nervous system (CNS)

plate, groove, folds, tube

\n Notochord signals the ectoderm layer (dorsal midline) to form the neural __?_

◦ Cells in the neural plate center start to sink and give rise to the neural __?_

◦ Cells along the sides rise to form the neural __?_ before connecting and merging at the dorsal midline→forms hollow neural __?_ that will differentiate into the brain and spinal cord

organogenesis

ecto-, endo-, and mesoderm give rise to different organs

isolecithal

which egg has evenly distributed yolk?

telolecithal

which egg has unevenly distributed yolk

vegetal, animal

what is the hemisphere of telolecithal egg that has the yolk? which has the nucelus?

holoblastic (complete)

what cleavage do isolecithal eggs have

meroblastic (incomplete)

what cleavage do telolecithal eggs have?

discoidal

what kind of cleavage do telolecithal bird eggs undergo?

animal

at which pole of the telolecithal egg is the blastodisc located?

somites

give rise to the cells that will formvertebrae and ribs, dermis of the dorsalskin, skeletal muscles of the back, thebody wall and limbs

axial skeleton

skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and the sternum

appendicular

skeleton that includes the pectoral / pelvic girdle and all of their appendages

articulation

a location where 2 or more bones meet

diarthrosis

articulation which allows free motion (exp: shoulder, knee, finger)

amphiarthrosis

articulation which allows limited motion (exp: vertebrae)

synarthrosis

articulation which allows no motion (exp: skull sutures)

compact bone

\n Hard cylindrical outer layer of bones

• Few spaces and gaps dense

• Gives bone white solid appearance and strength

spongy bone

\n Interior of bones

• Porous structure allows it to be lighter with room for blood vessels and marrow

• Provides some internal support

red marrow

mainly located in the spongy bone and serves as a place where RBCs, platelets and (most) WBCs develop

yellow marrow

found in the hollow interior of long bones and is the place for some WBCs to develop

articular cartilage

smooth, glistening white tissue that covers bones at joints