Lecture Notes on Criminology

Flashcards about Transgressive Criminology, State Crime, Techniques of Neutralization, Kelman and Hamilton's explanations, Globalisation and Crime, and Criminal Organizations.

What is State Organized Crime (according to Chambliss)?

Activities perpetrated by or with the complicity of state agencies, where the state is aware but turns a blind eye because it may fit their agenda.

What are War Crimes?

Crimes committed by individuals, groups, or governments to further their needs or agendas.

What is Genocide?

Systematic use of violent crime against a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.

What are the 5 steps of Matza's Techniques of Neutralization that are used to explain actions?

Denial of victim, denial of injury, denial of responsibility, condemning the condemners, and appealing to higher loyalties.

According to Kelman and Hamilton, what are the processes of moral disengagement that lead individuals to commit horrific crimes?

Authorisation, Routinisation, and Dehumanisation.

According to Held et al., what is the Globalisation of Crime?

The increased interconnectedness of crime across national borders and the spread of transnational organized crime, leading to new opportunities and types of crime.

What is Globalisation?

Increased interconnectedness between countries.

What is Deregulation?

Government removing/reducing restrictions and regulations on business, leading to privatization.

What is Glocal Crime?

Local crime with global connections.

What is Marketisation?

Public services or industries becoming operated by private companies.

What is an Oligarch?

A ruling class protecting themselves from crime rises.

According to Marxist thinkers, how do Globalisation, Capitalism and Crime relate?

Taylor argues that giving free rein to market forces leads to greater inequality and a rise in crime. Transnational corporations switch manufacturing to low wage countries to gain higher profit, creating insecurity, unemployment and resentment, leading locally to crime

How does consumerism relate to crime?

When people see themselves as individual consumers in a materialistic world, wider inequality and an incentive to commit crime occurs.

Why has the increase in deregulation lead to an increase in crime?

Deregulation and marketisation create opportunities for insider trading and tax evasion, this makes more job opportunities, such as call centres, where workers are overwworked and underpaid.

How has the structure of criminal organisations shifted during the globalisation era, according to Hobbs & Dunningham?

Instead of old hierarchical structures such as families and brotherhoods, these are opportunistic and flexible systems

How did the fall of communism lead to the rise of criminal opportunities in Russia?

During the fall of Russian communism, people could take opportunities where they can buy organisations/commodities, as a source of commodity there was a deregulation for the new Russian Government which lead to the rise of prices.