Body Systems Final -7th

circulatory system

(aka cardiovascular system) This system works as the transportation highway for the body. It consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It transports substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the body.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Capillaries

Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

pulmonary circulation

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

systemic circulation

circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs

Aorta

Largest artery in the body

vena cava

largest vein in the body

heart

A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

Chambers of the heart

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

heart valves

structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood

Atherosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

myocardial infarction

heart attack

Arrythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm

exoskeleton

external skeleton; tough external covering that protects and supports the body of many invertebrates

endoskeleton

internal skeleton or supporting framework in an animal

Functions of the skeletal system

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell production

bones in the human body

The adult skeleton has 206 bones

appendicular skeleton

The portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it

axial skeleton

the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue that has many small spaces and is found just inside the layer of compact bone.

bone marrow

A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells

Joints

Areas where two or more bones join together

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Osteoporosis

a condition in which the bones become fragile and break easily

arthritis

inflammation of a joint

Scoliosis

an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Mandible

lower jaw bone

Clavicle

collar bone

Scapula

shoulder blade

Sternum

chest bone

Humerus

upper arm bone

pelvis

hip bone

Carpals

bones of the wrist

Metacarpals

the five bones that form the palms of the hand

Phalanges

bones of the fingers and toes

Femur

upper leg bone

Patella

knee

Tibia

the medial and larger bone of the lower leg

Fibula

The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg

Tarsals

bones of the ankle

Metatarsals

bones of the foot between ankle and toes

function of muscular system

movement, support, heat production

involuntary muscle

A muscle that is not under conscious control.

voluntary muscle

A muscle that is under conscious control

cardiac muscle

Muscle of the heart

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

maximus

Large

Medius (L)

middle

Bi

two

tri

three

quadri-

four

fascia

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and connects muscle to muscle

muscular dystrophy

group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness

cerebal palsy

A group of non-progressive neurological disorders that are the result of damage to the brain before, during, or just after birth or in early childhood.

Tendonitis

inflammation of a tendon

respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

Lungs

Main organs of the respiratory system

nasal cavity

nose

oral cavity

mouth

Pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

Larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

Trachea

a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.

bronchus

Either of the two subdivisions of the trachea conveying air into the lungs.

Bronchioles

smallest branches of the bronchi

Alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

Influenza

flu

pneumonia

Bacterial infection of the lungs

bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi

Asthma

A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.

nervous system

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

central nervous system

consists of the brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

A division of the nervous system consisting of all nerves that are not part of the brain or spinal cord.

somatic nervous system

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Enables voluntary actions to be undertaken due to its control of skeletal muscles

autonomic nervous system

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands.

brain

The mass of nerve tissue that is the main control center of the nervous system

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

brain stem function

1. control heartbeat

2. breathing

3. blood pressure

spinal cord

Nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and brain

Neurons

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

Soma

cell body of a neuron

Dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

Axon

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

myelin sheath

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

Synapse

Gap between neurons

sensory neurons

carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain

motor neurons

neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

reflex

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

multiple sclerosis

A chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

Epilepsy

chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity

Parkinson's disease

A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors.

digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

mouth

where digestion begins