Part 1 Chiropractic Boards: General Anatomy -- Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Urogenital & Endocrine

What is the average bpm of the heart? How much blood is pumped per beat on average?

75 beats per minute

70-80 blood per beat

What are 3 key features of the right atrium?

1) Right auricle (little ear) in the superior corner of the atrium

2) Pectinate muscle (teeth of comb)

3) Crista terminalis ("C-shaped" ridge)

What are 2 characteristics of the right ventricle?

1) Most of Anterior Surface

2) Trabeculae carneae (ridges)

What are 2 characteristics of the left atrium?

1) Oxygen rich (from lungs) from 4 pulmonary veins

2) Most of posterior surface (base)

What are 4 characteristics of the left ventricle?

1) Pumps to the aorta

2) Apex of the heart

3) Inferior surface

4) Trabeculae carneae

Where is the apex of the heart located?

Left 5th intercostal space

(near diaphragm)

What are the 4 branches off of the aortic arch?

1) Coronary arteries

2) Brachiocephalic

3) Left common carotid

4) Left subclavian

What are the 2 branches of the brachiocephalic?

R. Common Carotid & R. Subclavian

What are the 3 major branches off the abdominal aorta?

1) Celiac trunk

2) Superior mesenteric

3) Inferior mesenteric

What are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk?

1. Left gastric artery

2. Splenic artery

3. Common hepatic artery

What are the 4 branches of the Superior mesenteric artery?

1) SI (inferior pancreaticoduodenal; jejunal & ileal arteries)

2) middle colic artery

3) right colic artery

4) ilio colic artery

What are the 3 branches of the Inferior mesenteric artery?

1) Left colic artery

2) Sigmoid artery

3) Superior rectal artery

Which is oxygenated and which is deoxygenated:

Right pulmonary artery

Right pulmonary vein

R pulmonary artery = deoxygenated

R pulmonary vein = oxygenated

What valve is from the right atrium to the right ventricle? The right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries?

Tricuspid

Pulmonary semilunar valve

NOTE: Try before you Buy

What valve is from the left atrium to the left ventricle? The left ventricle to the aorta?

Bicuspid (Mitral)

Aortic valve

NOTE: Try before you Buy

At what level is the tricuspid valve located/heard?

5th Left intercostal space

At what level is the pulmonary semilunar valve located/heard?

2nd left intercostal space

At what level is the mitral (bicuspid) valve located/heard?

5th left midclavicular

At what level is the aortic valve located/heard?

2nd right intercostal space

What is known as the "hole in the heart" between the ventricles?

Interventricular septum

What are the 8 branches of the external carotid artery? Which of these 2 are the terminating branches?

1) Superior Thyroid

2) Ascending pharyngeal

3) Lingual

4) Facial

5) Occipital

6) Posterior auricular

TERMINATES

7) Superficial temporal arteries

8) Maxillary

NOTE: Save A Lady Falling Out (of a) Plane Super Man

What are the boundaries of the superior mediastinum? (3)

First rib --> sternal angle --> T4/T5 DISC

What are the contents of the Superior Mediastinum? (13)

1) Superior vena cava (upper 1/2)

2) Arch of aorta

3) Trachea

4) Internal thoracic a & v

5) brachiocephalic a & v

6) L common carotid a

7) subclavian

8) thoracic duct

9) esophagus

10) thyroid

11) vagus nerve (L recurrent laryngeal nerve)

12) thymic remnants

13) phrenic nerve

What is the location of the anterior mediastinum?

Anterior to pericardium

What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum? (4)

1) Thymic remnants (superior mediastinum)

2) Lymph nodes (few)

3) Fat & loose connective tissue

4) Sternopericardial ligaments

What is the location of the Middle Mediastinum?

Between R & L pleural cavities

What are the contents of the Middle mediastinum? (8)

1. heart & pericardium

2. superior vena cava (lower 1/2)

3. ascending aorta

4. pulmonary trunk (R & L pulmonary a & v)

5. phrenic nerves

6. great vessels

7. arch of the azygous vein

8. main bronchi

What is the location of the Posterior mediastinum?

Posterior to pericardium between mediastinal pleurae

What are the contents of the Posterior mediastinum?

1. esophagus

2. descending thoracic aorta

3. azygous & hemiazygos vein

4. accessory azygous veins

5. thoracic duct

6. sympathic trunk

7. splachnic & vagus nerves

What is the lymphatic organ that stores RBCs, producing lymphocytes and antibodies, and contains both red (RBCs) and white (lymphocytes) pulp?

Spleen

What is part of the immune system and includes organs such as the spleen, tonsils, thymus, and bone marrow?

Lymph

The oral cavity and pharynx initiate the digestive process, with 60-70% of saliva coming form the ___________ gland and 20-30% of saliva coming from the _________ gland.

SUBMANDIBULAR

Parotid

What are the double folds of peritoneum that transmits vessels, nerves, & lymph tissue?

Mesenteries

What ligament is from the left lobe of the liver to the diaphragm? What 2 components does it contain?

Falciform Ligament

Contains periumbilical vein & ligamentum teres (round ligament)

What ligament is from the right lobe of the liver to the diaphragm?

Coronary ligament

What ligament lies in the liver fissure and is the remnant of the ductus venosus?

Ligamentum venosum

What extends form the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach?

Lesser Omentum

NOTE: Lesser Curvature & Lesser Omentum

What extends form the greater curvature over the abdominal viscera?

Greater Omentum

NOTE: Greater curvature & Greater Omentum

What are the 4 major structures of the stomach? The 2 major curves? What is the sphincter exiting the stomach?

Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus

Curves = Greater & Lesser

Sphincter = Pyloric orifice

What is the mucous lining with many folds in the stomach?

Rugae

What cell of the stomach secretes HCL & IF? Pepsinogen?

Parietal (oxyntic) = HCL & IF

Chief (zymogenic) = Pepsinogen

What hormone stimulates hunger?

Ghrelin

The duodenum is ____ inches, the jejunum is ____ ft, and the Ileum is ____ ft? What is the total length of the SI?

10 inches

8 ft

12 ft

Total = 21 ft

What increase the surface area of the SI for absorption?

Brush Border

What are the folds of the SI?

Plicae Circulare

What cells make CCK in the SI, which squeezed the gallbladder?

Epithelial cells

What is the blind pouch of the LI?

Cecum

What is the hollow pouch between the cecum and the LI?

Appendix

What are the 4 parts of the colon (LI)?

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

What structures are within the rectum and anus for EXPANSION?

Columns of Morgagni

What is the largest visceral organ and largest gland in the entire body?

Liver

NOTE: On Boards, when in doubt, PICK THE LIVER.. there are about 2,000 different functions that it can have

What lobe of the liver contains the anterior and posterior segments? Which contains the medial and lateral segments and is further divided into what two lobes?

Right = A & P segments

Left = M & L segments

-- further divided into Caudate & Quadrate lobes

What does the liver produce in an adult? How about a fetus?

Bile

Fetus = RBCs

The R & L hepatic duct + the cystic duct will combine into what?

Common Bile duct

What contracts to expel bile when stimulated by CCK? What is the function of Bile?

Gallbladder

Bile emulsifies fat

What is the list of retroperitoneal structures? (10)

1) Duodenum

2) ascending Colon

3) Ureters

4) Pancreas

5) Suprarenal

6) Descending colon

7) Aorta

8) Kidneys

9) Rectum

10) Inferior vena cava

D CUPS DAKRI

What are the 4 sinuses?

frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid

What is the roof of the nasal cavity?

cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

What structure is between the pharynx and trachea with folds (true vocal chords) that control the stream of air?

Larynx

What are the 6 cartilages of the larynx?

1. Thyroid

2. Cricoid

3. Epiglottic

4. Arytenoid

5. Corniculate

6. Cuneiform

What are the 3 ligaments of the Larynx?

Vocal

Vestibular

Conus elasticus

The nasopharynx closed by the ________ & _________ muscles during swallowing?

Mylohyoid & digastric

What houses the palatine tonsils? What is this innervated by?

Palatoglossus (innervated by CN X)

What acts as a sphincter for food passage and is made of skeletal (upper) and smooth (lower) muscle?

Esophagus

What part of the respiratory tract has 16-20 cartilaginous rings from cricoid to bronchi? At what vertebral level is this found?

Trachea

T4-T5 disc level

What marks the division of trachea into primary bronchi? What reflex originates from here?

Carina

Cough reflex originates from here

What bronchi are SHORTER & WIDER and more vertical?

Right Bronchi

What bronchi are LONGER & NARROWER and more horizontal?

Left Bronchi

What side of the lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior), separated by an oblique and horizontal fissure?

Right lobe

NOTE: horizontal fissure is the added one here for the 3rd lobe

What side of the lung has 2 lobes (upper lobe & lower lobe), divided by the oblique fissure?

Left lobe

NOTE: lacking horizontal fissure compared to right lobe

What is the inferior boundary of the superior lobe on the left side?

Lingula

What is a concavity in the lung that forms to accommodate the heart? What lobe of the lung is this present on?

Cardiac notch

Left lobe

What is the portion of the parietal pleura which rises into the neck, over the summit of the lung?

Cupola

What is the largest organ of the body?

SKIN

What lines the organs and glands of the body?

Epithelial tissue

What type of epithelial tissue allows for gas exchange and is seen in ALVEOLI and capillaries?

Simple Squamous

What type of epithelial tissue provides protection and is located in the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal, vagina, & skin?

Stratified squamous

What type of epithelial tissue has small ducts and tubes for secretion and absorption, located in the salivary glands, kidney tubules, and pancreatic ducts?

Cuboidal

What type of epithelial tissue is for absorption and secretion of mucous and enzymes, located in the GI tract?

Simple columnar

What type of epithelial tissue is for absorption and secretion, and "beats" to push along particles, located in the small bronchi & uterine tubes?

Ciliated Columnar

What type of epithelial tissue is for secretion (especially mucous) and ciliary action (which pushes mucous), located in the respiratory tract?

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

What type of epithelial tissue is involved in DISTENTION, located in the bladder, part of the urethra, and uterus?

Transitional

What type of epithelial tissue is embryonic including connective tissue proper, adipose, elastic, cartilage, bone & blood?

Connective Tissue

What organ is the start of the urinary system that is retroperitoneal?

Kidney

NOTE: Boards fav pictures are about the kidneys

What layer does the kidney arise from?

Posterior mesoderm

What is the functional unit of the kidney called?

The nephron

The ______ kidney is lower than the _____ kidney, but both are surrounded with a ________ border

Right Kidney Lower (due to liver)

Surrounded with perirenal fat border

What is the pathway of the urinary system, starting within the kidney and moving to where it is excreted from? (7)

Medullary pyramids --> Minor Calyces --> Major calyces --> Renal Pelvis --> Ureter --> Bladder --> Urethra

The renal pyramids are located where?

In the medulla

What is the pathway of sperm travel? (7)

Seminiferous tubules --> rete testis --> efferent ductules --> head --> tail epididymis --> vas deferens --> joins urethra at prostate

What is the pH of semen?

7.2

What is the process of spermatogenesis, from outside to inside? (5)

Spermatogonia --> Primary spermatocyte --> Secondary spermatocyte --> Spermatids --> spermatozoa

What two cells are in the outer portion for male testis?

1) Sustentacular (supporting cells of Sertoli)

2) Interstitial cells of Leydig (makes testosterone)

What hormone controls SPERMATOGENESIS, where Sertoli cells nurture immature sperm?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

What hormone causes the secretion of testosterone by the interstitial cells of Leydig?

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

What hormone is predominant in pregnancy?

Progesterone

What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum?

Estrogen (1st)

What hormone is involved in proliferation for women? Secretion?

Estrogen

Progesterone

Where is the egg MC fertilized?

Ampulla

What are the three layers of the wall of the uterus, from outer to inner?

Perimetrium

Myometrium

Endometrium