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Forensic Chemistry

a branch of chemistry which deals with the study and application of chemical principles in the solution of the problem that arises in connection with the administration of justice.

the word forensic derived from Latin word forensic means

of the forum or speaking the truth in public

Forensic Chemist

Often called to render testimony in court. An individual responsible for identifying unknown, non-biological trace evidence and analyzing substances found at a crime scene.

Forensic Science

deals with application of chemistry in the identification of evidence, its physical and chemical properties.

February 14, 1989

Massacre occured in Chicago. Establishment of a scientific crime laboratory which today taken in the historical annals of police science. (Conan a saint who died in gruesome death)

March 31, 1876

In the Philippines, first public recognition administration of justice was made when the position of "Medicos Titulares" or forensic physicians created by virtue of Royal Decree No. 188 of Spain assigned to PH to perform public sanitary and medico legal studies.

Medicos Titulares (1876)

Forensic Physicians

December 15, 1884

Gov. Gen. Joaquin Javellar created a committee to study the mineral waters of Luzon and appointed Anacleto del Rosario as chemist.

Analecto Del Rosario

Father of Philippine Science and Laboratory

September 13, 1887

Laboratorio Municipal de Manila was created under the "Direccion General de Administration Civil" and control of Gobierno de Provincias to make analysis of specimens for clinical purposes.

Crime Laboratory

scientific laboratory that uses forensic science for examining evidence from criminal cases.

4 distinct laboratories in PH performing forensic chemical analysis

NBI

MPD

PC

PNP

NBI

Forensic Chemistry Division of the National Bureau of Investigation

MPD

Crime Investigation Laboratory of the Manila Police Department

PC

Crime Investigation and Detection Laboratory of the Philippine Constabulary

PNP

Camp Crame Crime Laboratory of the Philippine National Police

Clinical Laboratory

hospital organization which examine urine, blood, tissue, sputum to determine presence of disease or infection. (Pathologist and Med technologist or med technicians)

Scientific Criminal Laboratory

evidence in solving crime within police organization (Medico required forensic chemist/medico legal officer)

(4) Stages of Forensic Chemist

1. Collection of the Specimen

a.Sufficiency of samples

b.Standard for comparison

c.Maintenance of individuality

d.Labelling and sealing

2. Actual Examination of the Specimen

3. Communication of the results of the examination

4.Court Appearance

Collection of specimens

proper collection, preservation, and transportation of the specimens are essential in the investigation of crime and these process are raised during trial.

sufficiency of samples

sufficient amount of specimen for examination, when in doubt it can still have enough samples to repeat.

standard for comparison

standard sample should always be available for standard comparison purposes.If the evidence is found in or added with a foreign substance, a sample of foreign substance should be submitted for analysis.

maintenance of individuality

each piece of evidence must be collected and preserved as a separate sample. There should be no mixing of specimen collected from different locations to avoid cross-contamination.

MAC RULE

Do not Move, Alter, Change the crime scene.

Labelling and sealing

each sample should be labelled properly and sealed in proper specimen boxes or containers. Including date and time of collection, case number and name of the person collecting the sample.

2. Actual Examination of the Specimen

Step 1- Scrutinize it carefully and write down in the laboratory logbook

Step 2-Measure or weigh the objects and all measurements

Step 3- Laboratory examination which consists of chemical, physical and confirmatory tests.

3. Communication of the results of the Examination

the results of the examination conducted should be communicated with the requesting party in the form of written report including description, enumeration, packaging, sealing, date of the receipt amd from whom it was received.

4. Court Appearance

the written report of the Forensic Chemist is usually supplemented by testimonial evidence in a later date if it is brought to court. It is not only permissible but indispensable that the chemist should refresh his memory by referring to his laboratory record book before presenting himself in court.

Chain of Custody

a written record of all people who have had possession of an item of evidence

THE SCENE

EVIDENCE

EVIDENCE COLLECTOR

FORENSIC EXAMINER

EVIDENCE CUSTODIAN

COURT PRESENTATION

Services and Equipment of the Forensic Laboratory

provided by full-service crime laboratory

Physical Science Unit

incorporates the principles of chemistry, physics, and geology to identify and compare physical or crime scene evidence such as drugs, glass, paint explosives and soil.

Biology Unit

staffed with biologists and biochemist who applies the knowledge of DNA profiling, investigate blood samples, body fluids, hair, and fiber samples

Firearms Unit

investigates discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition and also garments

Document Examination Unit

studies the handwriting and typewriting on questioned documents to ascertain authenticity and/or source it includes paper and ink as well examination intended writing, obliterations, erasures and burned or charred documents.

Photography Unit

examines and records physical evidence

Optional Services

Toxicology

Latent Fingerprint

Polygraph Unit

Voiceprint Analysis

Evidence Collection

Toxicology Unit

examines body fluids and organs to determine the presence or absence of drugs and poisons

Latent Fingerprint Unit

processes and examines evidence for latent fingerprints

Polygraph Unit

this unit referring to investigators rather than forensic chemist. it conducts polygraph or lie detector tests

Voiceprint Analysis Unit

concern with cases telephoned threats or tape record messages

Evidence Collection Unit

responsible in dispatching specially trained personnel to the crime scene to collect and preserve physical evidence that will processed to crime laboratory.

Equipment Used in Forensic Examination

HPLC

US

EMIT

SEM

FTIR

High Power Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

scientific equipment used for qualitative and quantitative determination of a volatile or non volatile compound based on the chromatographic separation of its component.

Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer

used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds.

Enzyme Multiple Immuno-Assay Techniques (EMT)

it is used in screening abused urine samples.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

An electron microscope used to study the fine details of cell surfaces used to produce sticking images over wide range magnification (3x 3,000, 000x) on roug or covered surface such as hair, fibers etc.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

identification of pure organic substances. it can identify organic substances particularly abused drugs and explosive ingredients. In laymans term the resulting spectrum could be referred to the fingerprints of the substance.

Crime Scene

The location where a crime has been committed or any place that evidence relating to a crime may be found.

Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO)

a forensic procedure performed by trained personnel of the PNP CRIME LAB SOCO TEAM through scientific methods of investigation to preserve crime scene, documentation examination of all physical and forensic evidences.

Sensational Crimes

crimes directed against politicians, elected government officials, president, judges, prosecutors.

composition of members in soco

3 members

driver, photographer and evidence collector

evidence

it is a proof whereas proof is the result of evidence. sec 1 means sanctioned by these rules, ascertaining in a judicial proceedings the truth respecting a matter of fact.

Object (Real) Evidence

addressed to the senses of the court consist of tangible things demonstrated in an open court (Rule 130, Sec 1)

Documentary Evidence

anything written, recordings, photographs or any material containing letters words.

Testimonial Evidence

what is said in court by a competent witness

Physical Evidence

Any object that can establish that a crime has been committed or can link a crime and its victim or its perpetrator.

Sample of physical evidence

DNA, hair, fingernails, bpnes and teeth of suspect or victim, bodily fluids

ordinary witness

witnesses who have firsthand information about a fact gained by personal observation

expert witness

a person who is permitted to testify at a trial because of special knowledge or proficiency in a particular field that is relevant to the case.

Qualifications of an Expert Witness

1. Training and education;

• 2. Particular, first-hand familiarity with the facts of the case; and

• 3. Presentation of authorities or standards upon which his opinion is based

(People vs. Abriol, G.R. No. 123137, Oct. 17, 2001)

Probative Value of Expert Testimony

Expert opinion evidence is to be considered or weighed bv the court like any other testimony, in the light of its own general knowledae and experience upon the subject of inquiry (RIANO, The Bar Lecture Series (2016), p. 332).

Courts may either accept or refuse admission of expert's testimony. It may also believe such testimony but the party in a case to offer expert testimony in evidence cannot be denied or curtailed under the rules of procedure in force in this jurisdiction (Camerino vs. Gonzales, et al., CA-G.R. No. L17567-R).

Drogue

The term Drug derives from the 14th century French word DROGUE, which means a dry substance. Then derived later into DROGE-VATE from Dutch word meaning dry barrels.

Drugs

Drug are synthetic chemicals used as medicine or in the making of medicines, which affects the body and mind and have potential for abuse

Dangerous Drugs

refers to broad categories or classes of controlled substances that are generally grouped according to effect, pharmacology and legal criteria.

drug dependence

refers to the state of psychic or physical dependence or both on dangerous drugs following the administration or use of that drug.

2 forms of drugs

Natural Drugs

Synthetic Drugs