cj 220 midterm

the first 10 amendments to the U.S. constitution are collectively known as...

the Bill of Rights

the police are primarily concerned with stopping which type of crime?

street crime

who has the authority to make arrests and to legitimately use force?

sworn officers

which piece of legislation gave the government new powers in collecting information on citizens?

the USA Patriot Act

______ are the goals police hope to achieve.

Ends

which of the following is an example of using illegal means to achieve "good ends?"

performing a field sobriety test on a suspected drunk driver

an individuals internal sense of proper conduct, or what is right is called...

morality

_____ influence(s) discretionary decisions made by police officers while performing their duties.

ethical standards

______ are the methods employed by police when pursuing their goals

means

the media tend to focus on _____ police behavior

bad

illegal or unethical means are referred to as...

dirty means

the best method of evaluating police performance is _______

research

when officers use their own judgment in making decisions about how to handle a situation is called _____

discretion

_____ involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.

research

which of the following is an example of a discretionary decision for police?

ticketing a motorist

recent research indicates that wearing body cameras has had what effect on the number of incidents in which police use force?

reduced the number of incidents

_____ is unique to policing and separates it from other occupations.

the authority to use force

the first appointed law enforcement officials in Colonial America were called

Constables

during the settlement of the American West, a group of armed male citizens that could be summoned by the sheriff to apprehend criminals or deal with other violent threats was called _____

Posse

the first police department in the U.S. was created in _______

Boston, MA

the _____ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolished slavery.

13th

following the Civil War, southern states implemented _______, which limited the rights of Black citizen's

Black Codes

this law enforcement agency served as the model from which American police departments were built in the mid-1800s

London Metropolitan Police

during the mid-1800s, the first women hired by U.S. police departments were called...

Matrons

after the Supreme Court of the U.S. ruled that the ______ was unconstitutional, the number of black police officers dropped substantially

Civil Rights Act of 1875

during the era of policing, corruption was widespread, officers were poorly trained, and selection and promotion were tied to party affiliation

Political Era

this method of identification employed by police used 11 measurements to differentiate one person from another

Bertillonage System

during the late 1800s, increasing crime rates led to the creation of specialized police officers who were familiar with criminals and their tactics, called _____

detectives

compensation for providing testimony in court is called ______

Witness Fee

this investigative tactic employed by police involved "rounding up the usual suspects."

dragnet

the practice of using force against suspects during interrogation in order to get them to disclose information is called ________

third degree

the first state-level police agency was created in 1905 in _______

Pennsylvania

Berkley, California Police Chief _____, was responsible for a number of significant advancements in policing, including putting two-way radios in police cars, developing the first crime laboratory at a police department, and creating the first criminology program at an American university.

August Vollmer

the introduction of _____ represented a first attempt to control and improve the police during the political era of policing

street corner call boxes

when police departments were first formed in the U.S. in the mid-1800s, they were designed to be controlled by what level of government?

local citizens and individual communities

Sociologist whose principles of bureaucracy heavily influenced the structure and management of police departments in the United States.

Max Weber

The principle that no one person or office is responsible for all of the work of an organization is called ______.

division of labor

______ allows for the development of expertise and efficiency.

specialization

A company, or provider of services, that does not have competitors is called ______.

monopoly

Which of the following is an example of a special jurisdiction law enforcement agency?

University of Pennsylvania Police Department

Which of the following is an example of state level law enforcement agency?

Texas highway patrol

Which of the following is an example of a local law enforcement agency?

Tuscaloosa PD

The ______ requires institutions of higher learning that participate in federal financial aid programs to keep and disclose information about crime on and near their campus.

Clery Act

The majority of full-time sworn officers are employed by ______.

local police departments with more than 100 full time officers

These law enforcement agencies have the largest representation of civilian employees.

county sheriffs

States that have a highway patrol agency ______.

also have a Department of Public Safety or the equivalent

The primary federal law enforcement agencies are located in the Department of Homeland Security and ______.

the dept. of justice

This type of law enforcement agency is responsible for enforcing laws on county land, and in towns and villages that do not have their own police departments.

sheriffs department

State highway patrol agencies jurisdiction is limited to ______.

state and interstate roads and highways.

Because they determine who comes into the system and who stays out, the police are often described as ______ of the criminal justice system.

the gatekeepers

Another way of saying that the police enforce the law is saying that they _____ the law.

implement

Which of the following offenses is most likely to result in an officer enforcing the law?

arson

The ability of police officers to use their own judgment to determine the appropriate course of action to take in any given situation is called ______.

discretion

______ is an example of a crime control technique employed by police.

stop, question, frisk

The police have ______ control over the conditions associated with criminal behavior.

no

There are two approaches to crime control, incapacitation and ______.

deterrence

The three primary responsibilities of the police include:

order maintenance, law enforcement and service

order maintenance

The police function of preventing behavior that disturbs or threatens to disturb the public peace or that involves face-to-face conflict between two or more people. In such situations, the police exercise discretion in deciding whether a law has been broken.

law enforcement

the police function of controlling crime by intervening in situations in which the law has clearly been violated and the police need to identify and apprehend the guilty person

service

Officers serve the needs of the community and see themselves as helpers.

Performing well-checks on elderly citizens is an example of which primary police responsibility?

service

Providing a security presence at public demonstrations or protests is an example of which primary police responsibility?

order maintenance

Conducting undercover operations into drug trafficking is an example of which primary police responsibility?

law enforcement

Order maintenance is the top priority in police departments that utilize the ______ style of policing.

watchman

______ is the process of creating a pool of qualified candidates from which to hire police officers.

recruitment

The goal of recruitment is to create a pool of applicants that includes the best and most diverse individuals that would be well suited for a career in law enforcement and ______.

would be interested in working for the agency conducting the recruitment

In order to emphasize the "selling points" of their department, it is critical that recruiters are aware of candidates' ______.

motivation for being a police officer

The three most commonly used recruitment methods utilized by police departments are newspaper advertisements, intranet advertisements, and ______.

personal contacts or referrals

In 2013, the average base starting salary for local police officers was ______.

US$44,400

______ protections are in place to minimize political considerations in the job-related process and to ensure government employees are recruited, hired, and promoted based on job qualifications and merit and demoted or dismissed only for cause.

Civil Service

Police officers may be fired, most easily, for ______.

cause

When officers can move from one department to another and retain their position and seniority, it is known as ______.

lateral entry

Most departments use ______ as the basis for job assignments and shift preferences.

seniority

The minimum education requirement in most requirements is ______.

a high school diploma or equivalency

A ______ is generally a disqualifying factor for employment as a police officer.

felony conviction

About one half of all police agencies allow applicants with prior ______ use to be hired.

marijuana

With a(n) ______, a low score on an exam disqualifies an applicant from further consideration.

noncompensatory process

In 2014, approximately ______ of sworn officers were women.

12%

Police department failure to hire qualified female candidates is a ______ issue.

selection

In 2013, approximately ______ of police officers were members of a racial or ethnic minority.

27%

____ is the most common method of police patrol.

vehicle patrol

A smaller patrol area within a larger command area is frequently called a ______.

beat

Calls for service are categorized based on ______.

priority

A(n) ______ is a computer that is mounted in a police vehicle that is connected wirelessly to the police department's computer network and computer-aided dispatch system.

mobile data computer

A(n) ______ system is a computer system and database that tracks calls for service as they are received, monitors the status of patrol units, and can provide various reports relating to calls for service, the activities of officers, and the calls to which officers respond.

computer-aided dispatch

______ offer(s) an abbreviated and standardized method of communication on police radios.

10-codes

The ______ was created in 1968 and is the national emergency phone number.

911 call system

Handling calls for service by taking reports over the phone, over the Intranet, or via some method other than immediate response by a patrol car is called ______.

Differential police response

When officers go from one call to the next for an entire shift, making it impossible for them to engage in any other productive activities, it is called ______.

pinball policing

When officers respond to calls for service while on patrol, it is called ______.

assigned time

A crime where a victim or witness see the crime occurring is called a(n) ______.

involvement crime

A crime that is only detected after it has occurred is called a(n) ______.

discovery crime

The ______ found that increased preventative patrol had no impact on the amount of crime committed.

Kansas City preventive patrol experiment

Research suggests that the most effective way for police to reduce crime is through ______.

hot spot policing

When police advertise that they will be on the highways in greater numbers to detect and arrest drunk drivers, it is an example of ______.

crackdown

Police stops come in two forms:

traffic and Terry

Research shows that citizens who experience more traffic stops are ______.

Less likely to contact the police to ask for assistance

The level of proof needed to conduct a Terry stop is ______.

reasonable suspicion

______ is the process of collecting crime-related information to reach certain goals.

criminal investigation

______ consists of supposed facts and knowledge that relate to a particular crime or perpetrator.

evidence